Spatial organization, transport, and climate change: Comparing instruments of spatial planning and policy

Approaching the analysis of climate policies from a spatial organization perspective is necessary for realizing both efficient and effective mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In particular, it allows assessing the potential contribution of specific mechanisms of spatial organization and related spatial planning and policy to climate policy goals. So far, this spatial organization angle of climate policy has hardly received attention in the literature. The main sector significantly contributing to GHG emissions and sensitive to spatial organization and planning is urban transport. A qualitative evaluation of the available spatial organization policy options is provided, on the basis of four standard ‘E criteria’ and a decomposition of CO₂ emissions.     

旅华主要群体外国游客旅游满意度研究——以云南省为例

本文以国家自然科学基金项目“中国不同群体入境游客旅游行为模式研究”的市场调查数据为基础，运用数理统计方法．对云南五大主要群体入境游客旅游满意度进行系统对比分析．发现整体上云南省五大群体入境游客的满意度较高，且满意度因游客的地域、社会文化背景和个体心理差异而不同．并与旅游动机和旅游方式密切相关，这些规律对旅游开发实践和理论研究均具有指导意义。     

旅游线路产品能源消耗及二氧化碳排放量估算方法及实证分析

旅游业节能减排目标的实现需落实到旅游企业、旅游者的推广与实践方能实现。旅游线路一直是旅游市场的主力产品,然而对其能源消耗及CO2排放的评估却是空白。基于碳排放理论及游客消费特征,提出其能源消耗和CO2排放估算模型。以三种海南旅游产品为例,计算并分析各线路的能源消耗及CO2排放量。结果表明:各产品能源消耗及CO2排放量从大到小依次是行、食、住、游、购、娱;交通方式、从客源地到目的地距离、产品结构及能源类型是影响其能源消耗及排放量结构的主要因素;旅游活动产生的温室气体不容忽视;旅游业面临节能减排的压力。     

The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna

A case-control study of the car-free model housing project in Vienna was conducted to evaluate whether people living in this settlement have more ‘sustainable lifestyles’ than people living in comparable buildings in Vienna. Another aim was to identify the lifestyle characteristics and household activities which significantly influence the environmental impact of the residents of the car-free housing project and a control group. The control group, referred to as the reference settlement, was chosen from a nearby building complex, with similar characteristics, but without the car-free feature. Household consumption patterns were estimated based on interviews in combination with data from the Austrian consumer expenditure survey and the national accounts. The evaluation of household environmental impacts uses emissions estimates from the Austrian national accounting matrices including environmental accounts and data from life-cycle assessments. Households from the car-free settlement have substantially lower environmental impacts in the categories of ground transportation and energy use; their CO₂ emissions of these two categories are less than 50% of those living in the reference settlement. The households in the car-free settlement have somewhat higher emissions in the categories air transport, nutrition, and ‘other’ consumption, reflecting the higher income per-capita. As a result, the CO₂ emissions are only slightly lower than in the reference settlement, but the emissions intensity is 20% lower. Both household groups have significantly lower environmental impacts than the Austrian average reflecting less car use and cleaner heating energy in Vienna.     

张家界旅游娱乐业发展现状及对策研究

旅游娱乐业是旅游者以追求心理愉悦为过程和目的,在旅游目的地营业性文化娱乐场所中购买和消费旅游娱乐产品或服务的经济文化行为,是现代旅游综合型非观光旅游的重要内容。张家界作为旅游大市,旅游娱乐业却是它的薄弱环节,存在着一些经营管理方面的问题：如旅游娱乐业对张家界旅游经济贡献度不大;旅游娱乐业的市场供需不平衡;旅游娱乐业的产业化水平不高等问题。因此,应增强发展旅游娱乐业的意识,加强政府宏观调控和扶持;加强旅游产业结构调整,促进旅游业各要素均衡发展;完善娱乐场所法规、条例,加强执法力度等。     

洞庭湖区旅游资源开发研究

改革开放以来,我国旅游业一枝独秀,发展势头强劲,湖南省旅游业也在不断攀升,湖南省旅游资源数量多、种类全、品位高,旅游开发潜力巨大。来湘旅游的入境游客中的核心部分来自港、澳、台地区,而国内客源中广东游客占了近三成,再加上西面张家界,南面长株潭(“红色旅游”资源)等旅游大市的冲击,使位于湘北的洞庭湖区旅游业的发展面临极大的挑战。洞庭湖区近年来旅游业发展方兴未艾,目前,进一步利用湖区旅游资源优势,克服湖区旅游资源开发中存在的问题,寻求旅游资源开发的对策,加强对洞庭湖区旅游资源的保护性开发,走具有湖区特色的旅游业发展道路,对促进环洞庭湖经济圈社会经济文化的可持续发展,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Does financial development reduce CO2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis

This study deals with the question whether financial development reduces CO₂ emissions or not in case of Malaysia. For this purpose, we apply the bounds testing approach to cointegration between the variables. We establish the presence of significant long-run relationships between CO₂ emissions, financial development, energy consumption and economic growth. The empirical evidence also indicates that financial development reduces CO₂ emissions. Energy consumption and economic growth add in CO₂ emissions. The Granger causality analysis reveals the feedback hypothesis between financial development and CO₂ emissions, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions and, between CO₂ emissions and economic growth.     

旅游体验实证研究——以南京雨花台烈士陵园为例

以南京雨花台烈士陵园为例进行实证研究,目的是了解在具体的旅游情境中旅游者的出游动机、旅游体验的生成过程及结果（包括内容和质量）。采用旅游符号学的方法,通过现场观察和问卷调查获取数据,用SPSS17.0软件进行数据分析。结果表明旅游体验状况与旅游动机、旅游者行为之间具有密切联系。符号解读是旅游者与旅游场互动的重要方式和途径。旅游体验质量与旅游者对旅游元素的关注程度、对旅游元素符号意义的解读之间存在显著相关性,且为正相关。雨花台烈士陵园旅游者体验存在多样性和层次性,其中,崇高是旅游体验的核心。     

Beach ‘lovers’ and ‘greens’: A worldwide empirical analysis of coastal tourism

This paper examines worldwide tourist coastal destination choice using a comprehensive global dataset at the country level, for both domestic and international tourists. This data includes a systematic profile of the countries' coastline with respect to economic and natural environments, such as marine biodiversity related indicators. Tourist demand is modelled using a system of simultaneous structural equations estimated by a 3SLS routine. We identify two tourist demand segments, denoting different preferences for the worldwide coastal destinations. International tourists choose their coastal destination because they have a strong preference for the cultural and natural environments. This, in turn, depends on the destination of country's coastal habitat abundance and marine biodiversity. We label this segment of coastal tourism, as “greens”. Alternatively, domestic tourists have a preference for beach characteristics, in particular beach length. This in turn depends on anthropogenic pressure, the built environment and climatic variables. For this reason we interpret this tourism segment as “beach lovers”. This information is, in turn, of high significance for stimulating coastal tourism demand as well as for identifying market based policy instruments with the objective to finance the conservation of environmental and cultural capital hosted at the coastal communities.     

泰国旅游的趋势分析——中国游客的案例

旅游业是泰国的经济支柱,而中国旅游市场在泰国旅游业中占有重要地位。泰国与中国之间建立旅游关系已经有二十多年的历史了。自泰中建交以来,大量中国游客都把泰国作为首选的旅游目的地。中国游客喜欢游泰国主要因为赴泰国旅游物超所值,具有质量保障,能带来舒适体验,且在文化上有认同感。未来在赴泰安全问题进一步被重视的基础上,＂零自费＂行程将会变成中国赴泰旅游的主流,免签后泰国或成新的境外热门购物地。     

关于重庆市开拓韩国旅游客源市场的思考

近年来，韩国来华旅游者在我国外国人旅游客源中一直位居前列，成为我国重要的国际旅游客源市场。作为拥有与韩国密切相关的旅游资源的重庆直辖市，韩国旅游者在其接持的全部外国人旅游客源中所占份额却一直很低，如何有效地开拓韩国旅游客源市场，成为当前重庆市旅游发 展一个不容忽视的问题。本文对此作了初步的探讨。     

民族村寨旅游旅游者研究综述

在国内外民族村寨旅游相关文献收集整理的基础上,对国内外民族村寨旅游者方面的研究成果进行了较为系统的综述。国外主要研究其心理特征及行为表达两个方面,国内侧重旅游者的需求预测、旅游者决策行为、旅游者满意度、旅游者感知度等的研究。文章结合我国民族村寨旅游发展情况,寻找未来研究方向,并提出自己的看法。     

Do oil consumption and economic growth intensify environmental degradation? Evidence from developing economies

The purpose of this article is to empirically investigate the impact of economic growth, oil consumption, financial development, industrialization and trade openness on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, particularly in relation to major oil-consuming developing economies. This study utilizes annual data from 1980 to 2012 on a panel of 18 developing countries. Our empirical analysis employs robust panel cointegration tests and a vector error correction model (VECM) framework. The empirical results of three panel cointegration models suggest that there is a significant long-run equilibrium relationship among economic growth, oil consumption, financial development, industrialization, trade openness and CO₂ emissions. Similarly, results from VECMs show that economic growth, oil consumption and industrialization have a short-run dynamic bidirectional feedback relationship with CO₂ emissions. Long-run (error-correction term) bidirectional causalities are found among CO₂ emissions, economic growth, oil consumption, financial development and trade openness. Our results confirm that economic growth and oil consumption have a significant impact on the CO₂ emissions in developing economies. Hence, the findings of this study have important policy implications for mitigating CO₂ emissions and offering sustainable economic development.     

Analysis on inbound tourists satisfaction in China:an empirical study based on the investigation of 5 cities

In China,the tourism industry is regarded as one means of fostering local economic development.This paper tries to examine inbound tourism development in China in the last decade and analyze inbound tourism's satisfaction of their travel experience with tourist attractions,facilities,services and price by an empirical study based on the investigation of Lanzhou,Wuhan,Guangzhou,Shanghai and Beijing.This paper discusses the demographie characteristics of visitors from Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan,US,Korea and Japan by surveying a sample of 528 visitors in five different cities.The survey showed that four provinces/autonomous region in western China ranked the top 10 popular destinations.Chinese natural landscape,culture and food were highly regarded by the tourists.At the same time,tourists expressed less satisfaction with tourist language convenience,tourist facility and nightlife in China.It was also found that only 7.4% of the tourists thought travel in China was far more than what they had paid,that 6.5% regarded they got what they paid for,and that 34.9% thought the travel cost was reasonable.Most tourists were satisfied with their travel experience in China;many of them would like to return to China and would like to recommend China.For the sustainable development of tourism,Chinese tourism authorities should strengthen the construction,propaganda and management of scenic spots,improve tourist facility and tourist edueation,especially language convenience,and strengthen the supervision of tickets,souvenir and hotel prtce.     

基于游客需求的丽江大研古镇夜间旅游产品调查分析

在梳理了国内外夜间旅游产品研究进展的基础上,分析了丽江大研古镇夜间旅游产品的类型及空间分布,并对游客需求进行了调查,主要包括游客总体认知、游客需求偏好、游客满意度三个方面。认为丽江大研古镇良好的夜间旅游环境及其丰富的夜间旅游产品体系是吸引游客夜游的重要因素,但仍然具有很大的发展空间及潜力。同时也暴露了一些深层次的问题,诸如夜间旅游产品营销宣传力度比较薄弱、传统纳西文化元素缺失、旅游市场细分仍需进一步调整及完善等。     

An exercise in composite indicators construction: Assessing the sustainability of Italian regions

This paper presents a piece of research aimed at evaluating the relative sustainability of the Italian Regions. After selecting a core set of indicators, for which we referred to the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, we built a composite index and checked for its robustness. As a result we got ‘many numbers’, that is, a range of possible rankings for Italian Regions.     

广西入境旅游区域发展差异分析

采用经济学中的标准差、变异系数以及泰尔指教对2003-2010年广西备市及桂北、桂东、桂南、桂西、桂中五个区域的入境旅游人数和入境旅游收入进行区域性差异分析。研究发现广西入境旅游组内差异大于组间差异,各区域的入境旅游经济受国际环境、旅游营销措施、各地对旅游发展的重视程度、旅游产品转型升级以及与主要客源国之间合作的影响。在此基础上提出了南宁一北海“双核”经济发展空间廊道,建立现代国际旅游营销体系,加大对旅游发展重视程度,抓机遇、促发展等措施建议。     

基于TOPSIS方法的红色旅游绩效评价——以领袖故里红三角为例

根据国家发展红色旅游的目的、旅游绩效的特征和利益相关者理论,红色旅游绩效评价指标体系主要包括旅游投资、景区员工人数、旅游资源品位、旅游人数、旅游收入、游客满意度、教育效果等要素;运用极值法和变异系数法对指标进行处理,选择TOPSIS法建立评价模型,以领袖故里红三角红色旅游绩效的评价为例,认为评价方法适用而且有效.