湖南耕地资源节约和高效利用途径

由于人口不断增加和近10多年来经济的快速发展,湖南工业和城镇等非农建设占用耕地不断增加,导致耕地总量和人均占有量不断下降;加之人们对农产品数量和质量的需求不断提高,环境污染日趋严重,耕地后备资源不足,人地矛盾日益显现。文章在分析湖南耕地资源态势和面临挑战的基础上,提出了严格保护耕地资源,节约和高效利用耕地资源的途径,对缓解湖南耕地资源供需矛盾,实现经济社会的可持续发展有重要意义。     

浅析杭州市余杭区粮食安全问题及对策

粮食安全问题是国家的头等大事,在社会发展和经济发展中具有重要的现实意义。中国人口多、耕地少,粮食一直是国家不可或缺的战略资源,具有重要的政治地位;粮食也是农业发展和物价稳定的标志,具有重要的经济地位。杭州市余杭区受耕地少、人口多、农业技术落后、农业收入低和储备制度不够完善等多方面制约因素的影响,用粮缺口比较大。只有从执行耕地保护措施、提高农业科技含量、实施富农服务政策、完善粮食储备制度几个方面入手,才能保障全区人民的用粮需求,稳定本地区的粮食安全形势。     

土地流转与现代农业综合配套改革——农产品主体功能区建设的启示简

准确厘清土地流转与现代农业发展的内在机制事关“农村集体土地入市”。基于空间经济模型评价土地流转与农业发展绩效,揭示土地流转在现代农业发展中的作用机理,其土地流转规模对稳态下的农业经济发展速度具有重要影响。现代综合配套改革的主要任务之一就是深化土地管理制度改革,规范推进集体经营性建设用地流转,而任务的实施必然需要农产品主产区补偿机制进一步发展和完善。     

农业资源高效集约利用是贵州喀斯特地区农业持续发展的根本途径

贵州是我国贫困人口集中,分困面积大,贫困程度深的省份之一,由于喀斯特生态环境特点和历史原因,人均耕地面积小,水资源利用率低,农业单产水平低下,土地利用不充分,生态系统稳定性差。如果仍保持目前的资源利用效率,要保持今后经济的持续发展和改善不断增和工的人口的生存和发展条件是不可能的。     

Regional Integration in East Asia: Achievements and Future Prospects

Economic integration in East Asia has been largely market driven. Attempts in the late 1980s to establish an East Asian regional economic grouping failed to materialize for a number of reasons. The financial crisis in 1997–1998 has strengthened the realization of regional countries that they need to have some self‐help mechanisms to overcome that crisis and to prevent future crises. This led to the development of several functional integration programs, including the network of bilateral swap arrangements known as the Chiang Mai Initiative. However, progress remains slow. The question that has arisen is how far these efforts need to be supported by institutional integration. Should the ASEAN Plus Three, the main regional cooperation process in East Asia involving the 10 South‐East Asian countries plus China, Japan, and South Korea, be deepened institutionally? Meanwhile, the region has seen the establishment of a new process, the East Asia Summit, involving the above 13 countries plus Australia, India, and New Zealand. How will these different arrangements contribute to East Asia's economic dynamism and prosperity as well as peace and political stability?     

有色金属资源城市土地集约利用评价研究——以安徽省铜陵市为例

集约利用土地是资源型城市发展的必然选择,文章以我国中部有色金属城市安徽省铜陵市为例,根据铜陵市的土地利用现状和经济发展所处阶段,结合土地利用的社会、经济、生态的特点以及资源开发状况,构建土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用层次分析方法确定各指标权重,并采取综合评价法对铜陵市2002-2006年土地集约利用水平进行定量分析和评价,结果得出2002-2006年铜陵市的土地利用程度处于由极不集约向集约转变的发展过程,土地集约利用程度与经济发展具有很强的相关性,城市发展条件的差异和城市发展动力因素的不同是其内在的主要动因,因此应及时采取对策尽快实现土地利用方式的根本转变.     

Growth and convergence in South–South integration areas: An empirical analysis

Until recently, it has been argued in economic theory that regional integration and trade agreements among developing countries may achieve negative growth effects. This study tests empirically the effects of such South–South agreements on growth and convergence. All three world regions in question are considered: South America, Southeast Asia, and Sub‐Saharan Africa. A comprehensive panel data analysis is conducted that distinguishes between the problems of testing for stronger growth and accelerated convergence, respectively. The data indicate that the considered South–South agreements promote both.     

Research on industrialization of eco-agriculture: theoretical framework and the case of Yunnan, China

The industrialization of eco-agriculture has applied modern science technology in accordance with eco-logical principles and has promoted agricultural production. As a subsystem of agricultural industrial clusters, the industrialization of eco-agriculture is the specific applications of cluster concept in the industrialization of eco-agriculture development. Industrialization of eco-agriculture cluster will achieve eco-agriculture and interact with industrial cluster which forms eco-agriculture integration and composite industry and ultimately realize the new benign circulation eco-agriculture model. According to the ecological engineering basic principles of recycling of the overall coordination, industrialization of eco-agriculture is focusing on the main systems operating coordination between the various subsystems and its various factors, and will maintain a reasonable ecological and economic structure to ensure the recycling of natural resources. Industrialization of eco-agriculture in Yunnan has adjusted the agricultural production structure to keep the stability of the gross grain production and economic development and has taken effective measures to vigorously improve land use and land productivity. Various ways of improving soil fertility has vigorously promoted other water-saving agricultural technologies. Ecological protection of rice no-tillage, cultivation of crop cultivation of the integrated control crop disease pests grass and agricultural production have taken the sustainable development.     

简评麦夸里时代

麦夸里是澳大利亚早期历史时期一位杰出的政治家。在他管理的十一年中,新南威尔士有了较大发展。人口大幅增长,耕地大幅增加,羊的数量翻了十几倍,牛的数量也翻了将近十倍,猪的数量翻了3倍,马的数量也翻了3倍,促使流放地逐渐向自由移民殖民地转化。所以麦夸里使新南威尔士州从早期一块以收容犯下放逐罪者的殖民地,发展至能吸引自由移民,当中的转变和诸多措施,对19世纪前叶的澳大利亚社会产生了深远的影响力。     

关于我国城乡收入差距和政府的行为选择的探讨

本文对我国现阶段所存在的城乡二元经济结构进行了分析,并根据工业化国家发展的经验,提出政府行为选择对解决我国城乡收入差距问题具有重要的意义,进而探讨了现阶段政府行为选择的主要措施:全面减轻农民负担、增加政府的农业投入并合理调节农业投入的结构、促进农村人口非农化转移以及建立农村人力资源开发体系等。     

Population Ageing and Social Security in Asia

Asian countries are at different stages of demographic transition. While Central and South Asian countries are relatively young and will remain so for some time, East and Southeast Asia are expected to age at an unprecedented rate in the next few decades. Japan has reached the future first. Other nations, such as China, are still young but ageing faster than many advanced economies, including Australia and the USA. This demographic shift has considerable implications for the development of social policy. Here too, countries differ widely. This paper sets the context for the rest of the volume. The focus is mostly on countries in East and Southeast Asia, but it includes contrasting comparisons to key regional countries such as India and Australia. First, the paper presents the context: the demographic, urbanization, and social trends facing Asia. Second, it tackles the allocation of resources for the elderly, in particular, by summarizing approaches to two areas of social policy most pertinent to population ageing: retirement income and health care.     

我国传统农业现代化的困境与路径突破

传统农业向现代农业转变的逻辑起点和经济基础是农业生产发展,然而目前我国农业生产发展内含着多重困境.本文论述了实行农业规模经营和集约经营对我国传统农业改造的作用,分析了我国传统农业现代化过程中面临土地产权制度和农业投资困境的约束,提出了改革农村土地产权制度和合理确定农业投资主体,增加农业投入的路径.     

Agricultural Intensification, Common Property Resources and the Farm-Household

This paper evaluates the impact of agricultural price and intensification policies for common property resources and welfare of rural communities in developing countries. In doing so we develop a new model for the farm-household that has analytical advantages over the traditional one and that has significant potential for empirical application. The major findings are: Technical assistance that increase productivity of land-intensive agricultural outputs (cereals, livestock, etc.) cause degradation of the communal resources and may cause immiserization. Policies that increase the prices of these goods cause identical effects. By contrast, similar policies applied to labor-intensive outputs (vegetables, tubers, etc.) contribute to improve the common resources and to increase the welfare of the rural communities.     

资源约束条件下人口城市化模式研究

从资源供给的角度看,人口城市化模式取决于一个地区实际人口与资源承载人口的关系.而区域资源承载人口取决于生态、经济和自然等多种资源的综合承载人口,且资源承载人口是动态的,是生产力的函数,自然资源承载是基础,经济承载是关键,生态承载是限制.本文探讨了资源承载人口的计算方法和模型,运用该模型对吉林省四平市2003年的承载人口进行了测算,分析了现实人口与承载人口的关系.在此基础上,探讨了人口城市化的模式.旨在达到区域土地供给约束、人居需求扩大和城市经济增长的三项式关系的平衡,使我国人口城市化可持续发展.     

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY WITH TWO REGIONS: CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE*

This paper proposes a compact two-region economic model with endogenous capital accumulation. The system produces one industrial commodity and service. Each region consists of one industrial sector and one service sector. The model describes the interaction between capital accumulation, the regional distribution of capital and labour, the division of labour, the capital distribution within each region, land rents, regional service prices and commodity prices over time and space. Accepting some simplifying assumptions, we show a way to integrate economic geography. equilibrium theory and neo-classical growth theory. We analyse how differences in regional resources such as land and amenities and the preference structure of the population may affect the equilibrium structure of economic geography.     

Rethinking Land Reform in East Asia: Egalitarian or Inegalitarian?

Taking a historical and comparative view, we explore the long debated cause of the spectacular economic successes of East Asia using land reforms in China and Japan during the 1940-50s. Examining the approach to land reform embodied by technocrats such as Liu Shaoqi in China and Wada Hiroo in Japan in addition to the implementation mechanisms of the policies they adopted, we show that the land reforms developed characteristics of dynamic factor endowment according to the Engerman-Sokoloff hypothesis. Fairly equal land redistribution led to political power equality and improved agricultural productivity and income equality, which is conducive to long-term economic development and the prevention of the Kuznets effect ex ante. Nevertheless, factors such as initial exogenous shocks, insufficient scale of family farming, persistent government support and consequential interest groups obstruct sustainable development of the agricultural sector as well as the generalization of East Asian experiences. Equality or inequality is essentially a policy choice in addition to being a long-term ex post evaluation of the reforms.     

Foreign aid,institutional quality and economic growth: Evidence from the developing world

This paper examines the effect of sectoral foreign aid and institutional quality on the economic growth of 74 developing countries from Africa, Asia and South America, and covers the period 1980–2016. We consider bilateral aid flows into three sectors, namely education, health and agriculture, and find that among the three types of aid, education aid is more effective for aid-receiving countries. The effect is conditional on the current level of institutional quality and varies substantially across regions. While education aid is more effective in South America, health aid is more effective in Asia and agricultural aid is more effective in Africa. As the level of institutional quality improves, the gap between the marginal effect of education, health and agricultural aids widen. Our findings have strong policy implication for donor countries and international aid organisations, which shows that it is more desirable to shift aid flows towards the education sector as the level of institutional quality improves.     

湘西地区主要农业资源及其利用效率

耕地、化肥、电量等作为主要的农业资源,对农业的产出具有非常重要的影响,其利用效率的高低直接制约着农业的生产效益。根据相关统计资料,采用资源消耗系数法对湘西主要农业资源利用效率在时间上进行了比较研究。结果表明,湘西耕地资源总的消耗系数随时间推移而下降、但化肥资源、电量资源、机械资源的消耗系数总体呈现上升趋势,并且各年份之间存在着较大差异,发展极不平衡,并分析了其中的原因,同时提出了促进湘西主要农业资源利用效率提高的政策性建议。（1）管理日趋短缺的耕地资源,关键在于保护耕地面积;（2）针对化肥资源、电量资源、机械资源消耗系数总体呈现上升态势,关键在于增加使用有机肥、修复水渠、塘坝,增大传统自流灌溉。     

农业土地资源可持续利用水平评估研究-以山东省为例

本文在阐述了区域农业土地资源可持续利用原理的基础上,构筑了区域农业土地资源可持续利用指标体系,利用专家系统构筑了区域农业土地资源持续利用理想模型,制定了指标计算标准,运用定性与定量的综合集成法,度量区域各指标的实现程度,根据模型计算的结果,分析了农业土地资源持续利用现状水平下的制约因素,提出了农业土地资源可持续利用的对策。     

Changing concepts of ‘land’ in economic theory: From single to multi-disciplinary approaches

The role of land in economic theory is surveyed, both from a conceptual and historical perspective. Land has been incorporated in economic theories in various ways. Originally, land used by agriculture was the main motivation for an economic treatment of land. This was gradually extended with various other land use categories. Neoclassical economic theory gave less attention to land use, generally regarding land as a production factor of relatively little importance. Nevertheless, specialized sub-fields within economics such as regional and urban economics met the demand for explicit spatial analysis including land use considerations. Attention for environmental and resource problems has stimulated new perspectives on, and conceptualizations of, land in economic analysis. This involves the interaction with other disciplines as well as the use of spatially disaggregated methods of analysis. Awareness of the richness of ideas on land in economic theory can contribute to enhanced environmental research.