The heterogeneous impact of taxation on economic development: New insights from a panel cointegration approach

In this paper, we study the role of taxation on long-run income performance. In the theoretical part of the study, we develop a stylized model based on Barro (1990), in which income taxation has two contradictory roles in the standard Solow (1956) setup: on the one hand, taxation appropriates resources that would otherwise be used for physical capital accumulation, and on the other, it is the source of government spending, which is used to support private production. In the empirical part of the study, the impact of consumption tax, personal income tax, corporate profit tax and property tax on income is estimated using the common correlated effects (CCE) panel cointegration approach, which allows for cross-sectional dependencies and provides both panel- and country-specific results. The panel findings for 30 OECD countries for the period of 1995–2016 indicate that only consumption tax has a statistically significant negative effect on long-run income. However, because the type and sign of the tax coefficients are heterogeneous for the country-specific results, we conclude that taxation has heterogeneous effects on income.     

Feasibility and optimality of sustainable growth under materials balance

Pollution from consumption and production is an inevitable part of economic processes. We employ a materials balance approach and develop an endogenous growth theory, with recycling activity, to examine the evolution of the economic and environment systems. This paper provides feasibility and optimality conditions for sustainable economic growth with rising environmental quality. The fundamental condition of feasibility is that the flow of natural resources, which eventually returns to the environment as waste and pollution, has a negative growth rate in the long run.     

税收非对称性与银行风险监管关系研究

通过将银行收入税的非对称性引入模型,分析银行在存在风险的情况下如何确定最优贷款期限以及收入税将如何影响银行决策者的决策过程,然后采用一个动态博弈的框架来讨论最优的银行监管政策。结果表明,非对称性的收入税对银行的贷款风险大小产生影响,它使得银行开始关心并减少风险,为银行业的监管和减少不良贷款提供了一个思路。     

独立董事、税收激进与融资约束

在代理理论框架下,研究税收激进对企业融资约束产生的影响,并根据独立董事的双重职能分析独立董事对两者关系的影响。研究结果表明:税收激进整体上与企业融资约束存在正相关关系,即税收激进行为会导致企业融资约束程度提高,但适度的税收筹划有助于降低企业融资约束程度,激进的避税行为则会增加企业的融资约束;独立董事监督和咨询职能的发挥有助于降低企业税收激进程度,并能够通过降低代理冲突和信息不对称程度来减弱税收激进与融资约束之间的正向关系。     

数据网格技术在税务发票管理中的应用研究

税务系统发票数据电子信息分散存放在全国各个省市的服务器数据库中,数据量达到了海量数据,而各省市之间税务发票电子信息却相互隔离,在税务系统内部形成了一个个的税务发票电子信息"孤岛",对于跨地区使用的税务发票的大部分脱离了税务机关的监控;海量的发票数据信息没有得到充分的利用;社会公众缺乏统一的税务发票真假辨别平台,数据网格技术的引入给解决这一问题提供了新的解决方案。论文首先对当前阶段国内外税务系统信息化与发票管理的现状作对比,对税务发票实际管理的现状进行了分析,论述了数据网格技术在税务系统发票管理中应用的现实意义。其次,在研究了目前网格技术理论及成果的基础上,提出构建基于Globus和OGSA-DAI的税务发票网格系统(TIG)。最后论文对进行了异构数据库连接进行了模拟测试。     

NONLINEAR GROWTH EFFECTS OF TAXATION: A SEMI‐PARAMETRIC APPROACH USING AVERAGE MARGINAL TAX RATES

One of the major challenges of empirical tax research is the identification and calculation of appropriate tax data. While there is consensus that average marginal tax rates are most suitable for studying the effects of tax policy on economic growth, because of data limitations the calculation of marginal tax rates has been limited to the USA and the UK. This paper provides calculations of average marginal tax rates for the four Scandinavian countries using the methodologies of Seater (1982, 1985) and Barro and Sahasakul (1983, 1986). Then, by pooling the newly calculated tax rates for the Scandinavian countries with the data for the USA and the UK, we investigate the effects of tax policy shocks on the per capita GDP growth rate. Our results suggest that an increase in average marginal tax rates has a negative impact on economic growth. Employing additive mixed panel models with penalized splines as estimation approach, we show that changes in tax rates have nonlinear effects. Increasing average marginal tax rates turn out to be the most distorting at relatively moderate tax rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国矿产资源税费征收现状及存在的问题

我国矿产资源行业存在着国家财产权利没有得到充分体现和矿山企业税费负担过重的双重问题,严重制约了矿业经济的可持续发展。文章借鉴国外矿产资源税费制度,提出要建立科学的矿产资源税费制度,以完善矿产资源税费理论。     

基于协作模式的税收与会计关系分析

研究分析会计制度与税收法规之间的差异与协作,在市场经济体制下具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文通过对会计制度与税收法规之间的基本关系、税会模式,以及会计制度与税收法规之间的原因差异和目标差异进行阐述,针对会计制度与税收法规,提出相应的协作思路,进而在一定程度上为会计制度与税收法规之间的协作与发展提供参考依据。     

Discrete Hours Labour Supply Modelling: Specification, Estimation and Simulation

Abstract.  The assumption behind discrete hours labour supply modelling is that utility‐maximising individuals choose from a relatively small number of hours levels, rather than being able to vary hours worked continuously. Such models are becoming widely used in view of their substantial advantages, compared with a continuous hours approach, when estimating and their role in tax policy microsimulation. This paper provides an introduction to the basic analytics of discrete hours labour supply modelling. Special attention is given to model specification, maximum likelihood estimation and microsimulation of tax reforms. The analysis is at each stage illustrated by the use of numerical examples. At the end, an empirical example of a hypothetical policy change to the social security system is given to illustrate the role of discrete hours microsimulation in the analysis of tax and transfer policy changes.     

医院预约医疗模式探讨与研究

本文运用华罗庚的统筹方法理论,在现有的HIS管理信息系统的基础上,提出建立全方位的预约医疗信息系统,以期从优化工作流程的角度进一步提高医院的管理水平,实现优质医疗资源的合理配置,提高现有优质医疗资源的利用率。     

关于物业税税基批量评估体系的版块区片划分的实证探究

物业税的改革立法是我国房地产发展改革的大势所趋。物业税税基的评估体系建立是近年来的正在热议的课题。建立物业税税基批量评估体系,自然地引出了划分评估区域版块及区段的概念。以往对划分版块和区段的研究仅限于对概念描述和理论的分析,对版块及区段划分的实证研究较少。以大连市作为实证研究的对象,通过对大连市区进行板块及区段的划分,为批量评估体系的研究提供基础的理论及数据支持。在进行版块和区段划分的同时,找出了影响房地产价格的各种宏观及微观的影响因素,利用房地产传统的估价方法,评估出版块及区段的基准价格,为批量评估的进一步研究工作提供了一定的实践经验。     

Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy: Part I, Theoretical Postulates

A bstract Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements This updating should be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided This part of the two-part paper covers the basic theoretical considerations The next issue of this Journal will include the application of the theory     

Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy:

A bstract . Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies. Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs. The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses. A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed. It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements. This updating will be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources. Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided. This part of the two-part paper covers the application of the theory. The last issue of this Journal presented the basic theoretical considerations.     

Payroll taxes,wages and employment: Identification through policy changes

This paper investigates the effect of changes in payroll taxes on wages and employment in Argentina. The analysis, based on administrative data, focuses on the impact of a series of major changes in payroll taxes which varied across geographical areas. This setup offers two main advantages over previous studies. First, using longitudinal data, the variation in tax rates across space and time provides a plausible source of identification of their effects on employment and wages. Second, the use of legal tax rates for each area at each point in time provides a remedy for the measurement error bias raised by the use of empirical rates constructed from observed tax and wage bills. Once this bias is accounted for, the results indicate that changes in payroll tax rates are only partially shifted onto wages, and they point to the absence of any significant effect on employment.     

Vertical income tax externalities and fiscal interdependence: evidence from the US

Concurrent taxation is a feature of many federal systems. As a result, the tax policy of one level of government affects the tax base of the other. A way to check the empirical relevance of this hypothesis is to test for the existence of interdependencies in the tax setting behaviour of various layers of government. Following this approach, this paper estimates the reaction of US state personal income and general sales taxes to federal tax rates, taking into account the special features of the US tax system. We find that when the federal government increases taxes, there is a significant positive response of state taxes.     

最优税收理论及对我国税制改革的政策启示

最优税收理论是近年来经济学家们比较感兴趣的研究领域之一。最优税收理论主要包括商品税与所得税的组合理论、最优商品税、最优所得税三个方面。本文旨在阐述、评价最优税收理论的主要内容,并在此基础上,得出对我国的税制改革的政策启示     

Welfare effects from non-linear taxation of multiproduct monopoly

This paper considers the ability of a non-linear tax to correct misallocation of resources in a monopolized market with a range of product qualities. If the monopolist pools several classes of consumers together then the quality tax will not achieve a first-best allocation.     

Vertical externalities in cigarette taxation: Do tax revenues go up in smoke?

In federal systems, where tax bases are joint property, the tax policy of one level of government affects the tax base of the other. This paper examines the interdependence of US federal and state cigarette tax rates. Our results suggest that states may reduce their cigarette tax rate by as much as 48 cents per dollar increase in the federal tax rate. Thus, a federal tax hike may reduce the amount of generated state tax revenues both directly (the overall tax rate rises and the state tax base declines), and indirectly (the state tax rate declines).     

基于国内外比较的油气资源税费改革研究

为了适应中国经济发展,我国的油气资源税费体系经历了萌芽、发展和改革三个阶段。油气资源税费在税费体系、计税价格、税率等方面与国外主要产油国存在一定差距。为此,提出合并油气资源税费、提高税率、扩大级差收益等建议。     

Enterprise level cluster innovation with policy design

ABSTRACT

An industrial cluster is an important link in the process of industrialization. The existing research is mainly based on the market economy. Our paper considers external policy design for cluster innovation based on the transition from planned economy to market economy in China. This paper finds some enterprises in the cluster are transferred from micro-enterprises to small ones, but does not find clustering from the small enterprise to middle or larger enterprise. Furthermore, our paper explained why such a cluster occurs by applying a semi-parametric counterfactual approach. The results indicate that building cluster zones as upgrading the enterprise structure policy and implementing VAT tax systems as the tax benefit policy has the most proponent role in industrial clustering, whereas increasing the loan/financing as the credit policy has a minor impact, which is not negligible either. Overall, this study explains why clusters shift to high output valued with a high interpretation of up to 97%. The contribution of this paper is not only to describe the time process of micro-to-small enterprise clustering but also to give the policy design how to achieve rapid micro-to-small enterprise clustering.