Provision and price of child care services: For-profits and nonprofits

We study the market for child care services, with a special focus on examining competition between for- and nonprofits. We estimate a two-stage oligopoly model of product differentiation. The first stage estimates a model of endogenous market structure and the second stage corrects for market structure to examine the prices charged and capacity choices for child care centers. We find that the actions of “same-type” providers have a statistically significant impact on a provider’s entry and pricing decisions but we fail to find evidence that the actions of “other types” have a significant impact. Nonprofit child care providers and Head Start centers do not appear to crowd out for-profit providers. Further, we find that for-profits and nonprofits respond differently to market characteristics generating spatial differences in the types of center available in a market. Our data suggest that for-profits are more likely to enter markets with higher percentages of economically disadvantaged students, but they primarily serve those who work, rather than live, in the market. The prevalence of disadvantaged students does not impact the entry decision of nonprofits leaving disadvantaged areas with relatively fewer non-profit options to serve residents. Policies to encourage for-profit daycare would likely lead centers to locate in markets where they can provide service for workers, whereas a policy to encourage nonprofit entry might be more effective in providing low cost care for nearby residents.     

The effects of age discrimination legislation on workplace practice: a New Zealand case study

This article explores the effects of the legal prohibition of age discrimination in New Zealand, based on a survey of the recruiting practices of individual organisations. Its findings indicate that many firms continue to breach the law through a continued emphasis on age during the recruitment process. Age‐related information is directly or indirectly requested from a sizeable percentage of job applicants. The findings highlight the importance of the socio‐economic context in which legislation is enacted. As with unwritten rules, the impact of law in a specific context is inevitably circumscribed by the deeply embedded nature of practice, especially if enforcement is lax.     

WTO与标准化地方立法<上海市标准化条例>知识之一

一、标准化地方立法的必要性 (一)标准化法律制度 所为标准化法律制度,是指由标准化法律、行政法规、部门规章以及地方性法规和政府规章等所构成的有机整体.     

Does giving make us prosperous?

Nonprofit economists have always assumed that income is a precursor to giving. In contrast, many philosophical and religious teachings have asserted that it is giving that leads to prosperity. This article seeks to test the non-economic hypothesis, using data from the 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey. It identifies strong evidence that money giving does, in fact, influence income. This is consistent with extant psychology research which clearly shows that volunteering leads to positive mental and physical health outcomes. The implication of these findings for researchers and managers is that the value of charity is not limited to those who receive the services that giving makes possible. On the contrary, charity unleashes substantial benefits to the givers themselves.     

浅议成人教育立法

本文分析了成人教育发展所受制约的大环境 ,论述了成人教育立法的必要性以及成人教育立法的思路。     

The consequences of minimum wage legislation

A policy which could raise wages in the low-wage labour market without job losses would be remarkable. Employers will respond to a wage floor not only by changing the employment level but by altering the other components of job packages. The'new economics'of the minimum wage largely ignores such effects.     

Employment legislation: Thatcher and after

Here the authors review changes in employment law in Britain since 1979 within an international perspective and with reference to underlying philosophical debates. They comment on current legislative developments and the extent to which these constitute a continuation of the Thatcherite approach and conclude that the 1993 Act may be even more damaging for trade unions, particularly their finances.     

企业人本管理离我们有多远

不知从何时起，人文精神、人文怀成为现代管理中的时髦理念，大到跨国企业，小到只有几个人的公司，都在提以人为本。的确，现代人本管理理论是现代管理理念的创新，是对泰罗创立的科学管理理论的超越和提升。它将人文精神注入现代管理，把管理和人文精神融为一体，将管理人文化。现代人本管理把人的因素当做管理中的本质因素，人的需要、人的属性、人的素质、人的价值和人的发展成为管理的重心。     

The enterprise response to industrial relations legislation

The authors report a study into the impact of the former Labour Government's industrial relations legislation, much of which remains on the statute book. They focus on joint health and safety committees and provide a useful starting point for further research concerned to develop a model of firm response to industrial relations legislation in any particular subject area.     

On the evasion of employment protection legislation

This paper analyzes how the option to evade employment protection legislation impacts on unemployment. Using a stylized model, it is established that the level of unemployment is non-monotonous in the degree of strictness with which employment protection legislation is enforced. Considering just cause and social criteria requirements for three regulatory regimes representative of a large number of industrialized countries, we find that different regimes generate different dismissal decisions only if the regimes are strictly enforced. In contrast, unemployment rates may differ across regimes even in the case of weak enforcement. Additionally, we find that it may be worse for the economy to weakly enforce harmful regulations than to strictly enforce them.     

论城市立法的基本原则 以北京中关村条例、深圳高新区条例为个案的研究报告

城市立法是一种面向市场的立法理念 ,从北京、深圳出台的两个条例出发 ,可以提炼出一系列城市立法的基本原则 :可持续发展原则、创新原则、激励原则、法无明文规定不为过原则、不作为即为过原则、促进合作原则、促护信用原则、保护财产所有权原则等。     

Self-employment,educational attainment and employment protection legislation

We analyse how educational attainment and employment protection influence an individual's decision to become self-employed. By altering expected income from dependent employment, employment protection is likely to affect an individual's choice of occupation, although such a link has not been established in the literature so far. We argue that an interaction between an individual's educational attainment and the institution of employment protection exists when it comes to the decision regarding whether to become self-employed. Based on survey data from OECD countries, we find evidence for a negative interaction, and conclude that only after taking this interaction into account can the effect of employment protection and educational attainment on self-employment rates be assessed.     

Fragmented government and the us urban fiscal crisis

Book reviewed in this article: Alcaly, R. and Mermelstein, D. 1977: The fiscal crisis of American cities: essays on the political economy of urban America with special reference to New York. MacManus, S. 1978: Revenue patterns in US cities and suburbs: a comparative analysis. Passell, P. and Ross, L. 1978: State policies and federal programs: priorities and constraints.     

浅析我国工伤保险立法中的几个问题

我国的工伤保险制度曾在我国社会保障体系的建立和完善中发挥了重要作用,但经过几年的实践,逐渐显露出一些问题,主要体现在社会保障作用发挥得不够,工伤范围、工伤认定申请程序不合理,工伤赔偿责任与民事侵权责任的关系不明确等方面。     

企业社会责任在我国及其立法探讨

在现代社会的分工中,企业建立的目的是什么,一直是企业界和理论界争执的课题之一.其核心问题就是：利润最大化是不是企业的唯一目的.1999年世界《财富》周刊企业排行榜的结果表明,评价一个企业的成绩,社会表现（社会形象）是重要的指标.可见,企业除追求利润外,还应对职工、消费、公众负有社会责任,尽管这些社会责任未必见诸法律而成为企业的法定义务,但应当成为企业管理人恪守的职业道德,这是当今社会的普遍看法.     

磁悬浮列车会给我们带来新的财富流吗?

磁悬浮列车:从梦想到现实磁悬浮列车的出现是20世纪末的事,它凝聚着全世界科学界许多学科最先进的科研成果,是一种科技含量极高的尖端产品。 磁悬浮列车是国家“十五”期间重大科技攻关项目。 磁悬浮列车是利用磁铁的同性相斥原理。打造起来的一种高科技产品,它是当今世界上在陆地上跑得最快的交通工具。它的运行速度可达到500～600公里/小时,这个速度已赶上了商业飞机,所以