Introduction to the Field of Nanotechnology Ethics and Policy

Nanotechnologies and nanoscience have generated an unprecedented global research and development race involving dozens of countries. The understanding of associated environmental, ethical, and societal implications lags far behind the science and technology. Consequently, it is critical to consider both what is known and what is unknown to offer a kernel that future work can be added to. The challenges presented by nanotechnologies are discussed. Some initial solutions such as self-regulation and borrowing techniques and tools from other fields are accompanied by a call for further research.     

Public Policy for Efficient Education

We study the role of public policy in promoting efficiency in human capital accumulation. Agents accumulate human capital by allocating time to home study and school attendance. The return to time spent in school is subject to congestion. The individual also faces an aggregate externality in skill accumulation. We find that a tuition fee combined with personal stipends can correct the resulting distortions by partly shifting educational effort from schools and universities to noninstitutional forms of learning, such as home study. The dynamic effects of education policy as well as their welfare implications are also calculated in the paper.     

政府教育支出分配、经济增长及教育政策取向

教育与经济增长存在一定的关系,而教育支出以及教育政策对教育的发展至关重要。通过对我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据分析,发现教育支出分配不仅存在地区间的失衡,即东部地区偏多,而中、西部地区则显得过少,尤其是西部地区,而且存在结构上的失衡,即高等教育所获取的经费收入过多,而高等职业教育的经费收入又显不足,高级中学和中等职业教育的经费收入都显得不足。因此,改变教育政策取向,调整教育支出方向,改善支出结构,应当成为我国政府的一项中心任务。     

印度的语言政策与语言教育

印度是一个历史悠久的语言博物馆。国家的官方语言是用天城体书写的印地语，英语是辅助的官方语言。英语在印度的推广，已有400多年的历史。对印度的语言状况、印度独立后所采取的语言政策及英语在印度的历史和现状的分析，可以为我国的语言政策和语言教育提供一个可资借鉴的对象，从而正确处理母语教育与英语教育的关系。     

Product Liability for Nanotechnology

The regulation of nanotechnology has been relatively well covered by policy-makers and academic commentators. Surprisingly, the potential impact of civil products liability has been less explored and yet, in an innovative industry sector, this should be of crucial concern to businesses and policy-makers generally. This paper explores this in the light of the EU Products Liability Directive. It explores the nature of risks and develops a new terminology to differentiate risks according to whether they are totally unexpected risks, potential but still unexpected risks, or suspected identified defects (either due to a characteristic of the product related to the defect or by analogy with another nanoproduct). The perhaps startling conclusion is that the more unknown a risk is the more likely a product containing it is to be found defective. However, the uncertainty surrounding this new area of science may give some leeway for the narrow development risks defence and that may have implications for the liability exposure of nanotechnology industries in those states that have chosen to exclude the development risks defence.     

支持学前教育的税收政策研究

本文从税收角度研究学前教育的支持政策。首先从正外部性、起点公平和基本公共教育服务均等化的视角剖析税收政策支持学前教育的理论基础,然后对学前教育的现行税收政策进行评析,最后从流转税制设计、所得税制设计、其它税收政策以及鼓励捐赠的税收政策四个维度构建了学前教育的税收政策体系。     

义务教育均衡发展的教育政策走向

义务教育均衡发展是科学发展观的指导思想在义务教育发展目标上的体现，我国当前义务教育不均衡现象比较严重，要实现义务教育均衡发展，必须把解决教育机会均等放在首位，形成城乡统一的义务教育普惠制，并实现教育资源投入的公平，建构义务教育均衡发展的标准和评价体系。     

纳米技术在化学工业中的应用

结合纳米技术的发展趋势 ,本文概述了纳米技术在化学工业中的应用 ,详细探讨了纳米材料在催化剂、纳米结构化学品、橡胶、塑料、涂料、环境保护等方面的开发应用状况     

关于我国高等教育成本及定价政策的思考

高等教育关乎数百万的学生及家庭,由此引发的成本与收费问题成为学者热议的话题.通过介绍我国高等教育收费政策的发展历程及现状,分析现阶段高等教育收费存在的问题,在高等教育成本与定价的理论基础上,提出对高等教育定价的思考.     

Lessons for Consumer Education Policy: The Case of the Office of Consumers' Education

The Office of Consumers' Education existed for almost seven years, disbursing in excess of $18 million for grants and contracts in support of consumer education activities. Stimulated by this funding consumer education evolved and expanded, and many excellent products were produced. At the same time, however, the program experienced substantial difficulties. Poor program design, initial failure to articulate goals and objectives, and inadequate administrative support all served to reduce the potential effect of this program. The OCE experience can provide guidance for future consumer education programs, at any governmental level. There is no need to repeat costly lessons about the form and substance of such programs where the case of OCE provides useful instruction. ¹ 1 This article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation, “The Implementation of a Discretionary Project Program: A Case Study of the Office of Consumer's Education,” Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1983. Space limitations severely diminish communication of the richness of detail collected in the case study. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the original document.
     

纳米技术在食品科学工程中的应用

纳米技术是20世纪新兴的一种高科技技术,在科学界具有重要的作用,发展前景十分广阔。目前,纳米技术已应用到多个行业,如化工行业、医疗行业、食品行业等,为我们的生活创造了更多可能。对于食品科学的发展,纳米材料也提供了很大的力量。因此,本文探讨纳米技术在食品安全领域的实际应用,以及面临的问题与未来的发展,并提出相应观点。     

纳米技术在食品安全检测中的运用

食品安全一直是我国居民十分关注的问题,要使人们吃到安全无害的食品,食品安全检测十分必要。利用纳米技术能更准确、更快速地完成食品安全检测,分析纳米技术在食品安全检测工作中的运用,对提高我国食品安全检测质量具有重要意义。     

Systems Mapping of Consumer Acceptance of Agrifood Nanotechnology

Application of nanotechnology in the agrifood system and the rising number of nanofood products on the market are creating concerns among consumers and other stakeholders. These concerns and other potential barriers to the commercialization of agrifood nanotechnology products may limit the ability to capture its full potential. Understanding the emerging trends and the links between underlying values, expressed attitudes, and actual behaviors involving consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology is important for governance, risk regulation, and the achievement of the full potential of agrifood nanotechnology. The purpose of the study was to use systems mapping to examine and analyze critical links between consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology and factors such as trust, stakeholders, institutions, knowledge, and human environmental health risks. The study used a meta-analysis of the risk perception literature and solicited the opinions of experts to develop the systems map. Factors affecting consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology are dynamic, complex, interactive, and interdependent, and consumer decisions to accept agrifood nanotechnology were found to be the results of complex feedback structure. This study suggests several consumer policy and programmatic levels in the system toward enhancing consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology products where warranted.     

我国在纳米技术专利保护过程中存在的问题及对策

纳米科技作为影响未来人类生活的世界三大新兴科技之一,是与生命科学、信息技术、并重的具有战略意义的研究领域。由于纳米技术拥有广泛的应用前景,使其在专利保护及产业化方面成为全球关注的热点。介绍了全球纳米技术的竞争态势,重点分析了纳米技术专利应用及保护的重要性以及存在的问题,并讨论了在全球形势下纳米技术专利保护的对策。     

对抗战初期关于高等教育方针争论的几点评价

抗日战争初期关于高等教育方针的争论,实质上是一场关于知识分子在国家危急存亡之时所应担当的角色和责任问题的讨论,是人们对特殊时期高等教育所作的独特思考。这场争论对推动国民政府制定＂平时教育＂政策起了促进作用,它使更多的人认识到：＂天下兴亡,匹夫有责＂,知识分子不仅是社会的＂匹夫＂,更是民族文化的承载者,他们的能量既在战时,更在战后。同时,这场争论还有助于人们深入认识大学的时代使命。此外,这场争论的结果对保护、发展我国现代高等教育事业,打破日本帝国主义灭亡中国文化的阴谋也起到了不可低估的作用。     

Equal Dreams: The One Child Policy and the Consumption of Education in Urban China

This study explores the effect that China's one child birth policy is having on gender equality in urban areas of China, as viewed through patterns of consumption. Specifically, differential access to education by gender is examined through an analysis of the investments of urban parents in their children's education. The results of the study show that there are few important differences in the aspirations of parents for daughters versus sons. In addition, educational expenditures, including tuition, private lessons, books, and other educational products, show no significant differences by gender. These results seem to indicate that, in an important departure from a long history of unequal access to education by females in China, urban children are receiving full and equitable investments in their futures by their families, regardless of their gender. The results have important implications for the effects that public policies can have on gender equality.     

Learning to Live with Loans? International Policy Transfer and the Funding of Higher Education

Over the last decade or so a number of OECD economies have migrated from providing higher education free at the point of consumption to levying user charges. However, rather than charges for tuition being paid up‐front, contributions have taken the form of income‐contingent loans. Graduates therefore contribute to the costs of their education, after they have graduated and when they are earning. The earliest example of this instrument was in Australia, with the introduction of the Higher Education Contributions Scheme (HECS). This paper argues that following their successful introduction in Australia, income‐contingent loans offer a good example of successful international policy transfer, with elements of that scheme being adopted and modified for use in New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom. The paper reviews the conditions for successful policy transfer and discusses the reasons why the arrangements have not proliferated in non‐OECD countries.     

Nanotechnology for Food Applications: More Questions Than Answers

This article highlights the scientific evidence to date on a variety of nanotechnology issues important to consumers with a focus on food applications. Nanotechnology is technology at the atomic or macromolecular levels on the scale of approximately 1–100 nm. There are unlimited potential applications of nanotechnology for food, dietary supplements and food contact materials. However, there are more questions than answers about the safety risks of nanotechnology, its environmental, health and other impacts, and its costs and benefits. Benefits and costs will likely be specific to the nanomaterials used, the application and other conditions (e.g., temperature).     

基于现代职业教育的高职形势与政策教育创新探究

针对高职形势与政策教育的困境,要借鉴现代职业教育项目化教学理念,重构教学内容体系.积极探寻最佳教育创新途径:运用"互联网+",开创思政智慧课堂,创新教学形式;把创新创业教育融入形势与政策教育,培养创新人才;适应创业需要,实行弹性学时;形势与政策教育与专业技能教育同行,实行"课中课"创新模式;参照技能大赛,探索课内实践新模式,培养学生创新精神和实践能力.     

Subsidizing Start-Ups: Policy Targeting and Policy Effectiveness

Start-up subsidies are a frequently employed policy instrument, the use of which is justified by alleged market failure resulting from positive external effects and capital market imperfections. This article investigates whether the allocation of subsidies reflects a policy focus on addressing these market failure occurrences. However, using survey data from the East German state of Thuringia, logistic regressions reveal a rather random subsidization of start-ups. Furthermore, propensity score matching suggests that subsidized start-ups would have survived and thrived in any case, an indication of deadweight losses of start-up subsidies. The analysis points to serious information problems arising when subsidies should be allocated to remedy market failure. Making the situation even more problematic is that failure to precisely target start-up subsidies is likely to result in market distortions and ineffectiveness.