基于外部性的产业集聚与集聚经济研究——国外城市经济理论研究综述

城市经济理论在空间外部性假设下,研究产业集聚的形成机制及产业集聚的经济效应,与新经济地理理论共同构成产业集聚与集聚经济研究的主流理论.本文从研究范式与特点、空间外部性的提出与发展、空间外部性来源的理论研究与实证研究、集聚经济的实证检验等几个方面出发,对基于外部性假设的产业集聚与集聚经济研究的历史脉络、最新进展及主要结论等做了系统回顾和总结.     

中国制造业空间集聚的影响：一个综述

基于理论与实证经验上的分野,本文将制造业产业集聚分为大地理范围产业集聚与小地理范围产业集聚,并依次进行相应的数据描述和国内实证文献的综述。我们发现,尽管在2004年左右已经出现了产业从东南部沿海地区向北部沿海与中部地区扩散的转折,沿海地区整体的集聚优势仍较明显。同时,地级城市之间的制造业分布较为平均,城市体系的扁平化特征显著,但在县级层面上的产业集聚趋势非常明显。在经验研究上,大地理范围产业集聚的实证文献发现货币外部性对经济增长率、收入水平等有显著的影响;而表征小地理范围产业集聚效果的技术外部性却因区域层次和行业层次等因素的选择差异而没有取得共识。     

网络经济外部性分析

外部型经济是网络经济的基本特征。网络经济外部性既有消费外部性,也有生产外部性。网络外部性的空间效果形成了技术革新与地域结构演进的循环,而网络外部性的时间意义则表现为胜者完胜、负者全输的竞争结构。     

技术外部性、工业集聚与地区经济的非均衡增长

经济增长的空间不平衡和路径依赖特征是近年来中国经济面临的重要问题。基于技术外部性产生的规模报酬递增,这篇文章从理论和经验上分析了技术外部性、工业集聚和地区经济非均衡增长之间的动态相互作用。分析结果表明,在逐渐成长起来的市场力量的作用下,这些因素动态相互作用产生的规模报酬递增延续和放大了地区间不平衡的工业化过程,从而导致了经济增长空间上的不平衡和地区收入差距时间上的持久性和自我增强的特征。     

空间异质、空间依赖与我国地区工资变动

在新经济地理学的OTT分析框架下,本文采用同时具有新经济地理学的DCI与OTT分析框架特征的效用函数,发展了多地区的空间工资结构方程,研究结果显示地区工资的变动,跟本地劳动生产率、消费者的偏好多样化、工业品支出份额、消费品价格指数、市场潜力有关,也跟企业的资本收益、地区间的市场开放度有关.实证分析显示我国地区工资的整体空间相关性变动不大,而在局部相关性上,我国地区工资则表现为“高高”与“低低”聚集的空间分布趋势,空间分异特征明显,虽然地区工资差距有不断缩小的趋势.劳动生产率、工业品支出份额、市场潜力的变动与我国地区工资的变动存在显著的正相关关系,空间相关性对我国地区工资的影响也很显著,而其它因素的影响效果不显著.     

我国高尔夫球场的负外部性表征及其成因分析

本研究基于负外部性理论,主要从环境负外部性、空间负外部性和社会负外部性分析了高尔夫球场负外部性的表征,并进一步从政府失灵、市场失灵以及监管缺位角度探讨了我国高尔夫球场负外部性的成因,以便从中找出有效的治理途径,促进高尔夫球运动的可持续发展。     

中小企业空间集聚发展的负外部性分析

中小企业集群作为一种新的产业空间组织形式，在需求多样化和技术快速进步的今天，比许多单个的企业更具有竞争优势和经济活力。在经济合作与发展组织（OCED）和联合国工业发展组织（UNIDO）等国际组织的倡导下，发展企业集群已经成为各国的重要公共政策。然而由于中小企业具有企业规模小、资金少、简单扁平的组织机构、灵活的市场策略、以生存和快速发展为企业目标等特点，影响了中小企业集群所具有的竞争优势和经济活力的作用的发挥，使中小企业在空间集聚发展中具有较强的负外部性。本文结合中小企业特点，总结中小企业集群的负外部性，分析负外部性的形成原因及其对区域经济发展的影响，有针对性地提出规避中小企业集群发展负外部性的政策措施。     

城市环境问题的外部性原因分析

外部性是一个经济学概念,指经济主体对第三者产生了效果,而这种效果既不需要付费,也不需要补偿。如果对第三者产生好的结果,那就是正外部性;如果对第三者产生不好的结果,那就是负外部性。近几年来,环境的外部性表现的越来越明显,环境问题主要是由两方面外部性引起的,消费行为的外部性和生产行为的外部性。本文分析引起城市环境问题的外部性原因和在现实条件下,如何解决环境外部性,最大限度的降低环境外部性。     

集聚外部性与湖南工业发展

本文利用湖南37产业的面板数据研究了外部性对于地区产业增长的影响，结果发现：专业化水平与产业增长之间存在着负向关系；竞争程度以及多样化程度与地区产业增长之间存在着正向关系。     

地方化经济、城市化经济与劳动生产率——基于中国制造业四位数行业的实证研究

本文基于2003年中国四位数行业制造业数据,实证分析了产业外部性的两种重要形式——地方化经济和城市化经济对劳动生产率的影响。我们发现,从整个制造业来讲,地方化经济和城市化经济都促进了劳动生产率的提高。同时,我们就地方化经济和城市化经济是否存在产业间的差异进行了实证分析,发现地方化经济在大部分产业都发挥显著的促进作用,而仅有少数技术含量相对高的产业支持城市化经济。     

Economic geography and inequality in China: Did improved market access widen spatial wage differences?

New economic geography (NEG) models predict that costly transport and the spatial distribution of demand affect the profits firms can earn in different locations, leading to higher wages for workers employed in cities with better geographic access to markets. In light of the ongoing economic integration and market reforms that occurred in China after 1995, we use three waves of Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data to measure the extent to which the influence of market access on wages changed and affected wage dispersion across Chinese cities over the next 12 years. Employing the gravity-based method of Redding and Venables (2004) to calculate the market access available to firms located in each city, we test whether the elasticity of the wage with respect to local market access increased over time. We find that in all three years market access of the worker's location has a positive and significant influence on the wage. Consistent with extensive labor market reforms of the late 1990s, the estimated wage elasticity doubles between 1995 and 2002 and is stable thereafter. Our estimates indicate that wages of all workers become more responsive to market forces in a manner consistent with NEG predictions, both skilled and unskilled and those working for state as well as private enterprises. We also provide evidence that these results are not driven by omission of other forms of agglomeration or by selection bias. Estimated spatial differences in nominal wages are large: a worker moving from an inland location to the coast in 2007 would have doubled his or her nominal wage. Counterfactual analysis indicates that spatial differences in market access contribute to wage inequality, but less so over time.     

中国农村区域收入不均等变动：基于经济发展和制度变迁的解释

本文利用改革以来的中国省级农村居民收入数据,首先通过基尼系数和泰尔指数两个指标的测度,分析了中国农村区域收入不均等的变化趋势。结果发现,总体上持续扩大的农村区域收入不均等由工资性收入差异所主导,主要体现在东、中、西三大区域间。而基于收入决定因素的夏普利分解结果则进一步表明,改革后农村制度变迁的区域不一致所造就的农村经济的非农化进程、物质和人力资本积累水平等增长因素的分化是农村区域收入不均等变动的最主要根源。     

Spatial spillover and regional economic growth in China

This paper investigates the spatial structure of the provincial economic growth and the spatial spillover in China from 1998 to 2008. First, we apply Moran's index to detect the positive spatial autocorrelations across the provinces of China. Second, we build a new economic geography model and the role of market potential in promoting regional income growth is highlighted. Third, two measures of market potential are constructed and a spatial error model is adopted to obtain the estimations, considering spatial autocorrelation. Controlling for major inputs, such as labor, capital, and human capital, the market potential continues to promote substantial regional growth. On average, an increase of 10 percentage points in the market potential increases the regional GDP per capita growth by 3–5 percentage points.     

Labor Mobility within China： Border Effects on Interregional Wage Differentials

Labor migration is institutionally restricted within China under the hukou system, China registration system. However, what is the pecuniary impact of labor immobility on interregional wage inequality？ To answer this question, we derive a simple wage gap equation including educational attainment, market potential and provincial border indicators. The regressions based on city and sector-level data show that, other things being equal, the wage dispersions within Chinese provincial borders are significantly less pronounced than those among provinces. Such border effects on spatial wage differentials, which have been shown to pervasively exist in all sectors considered in the present paper, reflect the distortions generated by migration controls. Finally, we show that despite the recent hukou reforms aimed at relaxing the restrictions on population movement, border effects appear to persisted over the period 2003-2005.     

Capital market distortion,firm entry and wage inequality

Distortions in the capital market are notable in developing economies like China. By building up a dual production structure with oligopolistic competition in urban manufacturing, this paper investigates the distributional and welfare effects of capital market distortions. We find that in the short run, an increase in the capital market distortion in favor of urban firms can lower both the skilled and unskilled wages. However, in the long run, the preferential policy on reducing capital cost to the urban sector attracts new entry of firms, which can worsen the skilled-unskilled wage inequality in the economy. This firm-entry effect of the capital market distortion on wage inequality is empirically confirmed for China.     

The impacts of structural transformation and industrial upgrading on regional inequality in China

China has achieved unprecedented success in economic growth since the initiation of economic reforms. The high growth could partly be attributed to the successes in structural transformation of the economy and industrial upgrading of the manufacturing sector toward high value-added products. However, regional inequality in China has increased considerably behind the scenes. In order to have sustainable economic growth, it is thus crucial to investigate the impacts of both structural transformation and industrial upgrading on regional inequality. This paper contributes to the literature by employing a database compiled at the county-level. Decompositions are performed for different spatial groupings so as to provide a clear view of evolution of regional inequality. In addition, the contributions of the major industries to inequality in industrialization are examined by using another database of value-added compiled at the provincial level. The results may have important policy implications for the formulation of a comprehensive and coherent strategy in managing inequality while promoting structural transformation and industrial upgrading.     

Job Search Channels,Neighborhood Effects,and Wages Inequality in Developing Countries: The Colombian Case

This paper analyzes the relationship between social networks and the probability of finding a job. We explore geographic closeness as the social interaction to explain the job search function. Using data from Colombia in 2009, we calculate how neighborhoods have an effect on the channel used to find a job (social network versus no social network). In addition, we study how wage premium relates to using a social network in finding a job, exploring the inequality that can arise using a different job search method. Our results show that neighborhood affects the individual's job search method and that referred workers earn less at the bottom of the wage distribution with respect to non‐referred workers. Colombia presents persistent high levels of informality and inequality with the existence of spatial clusters that impose important social and economic costs with strong informational asymmetries on the job market.     

贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距

本文在新经济地理学框架下构建了非对称的三地区空间模型研究贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距的关系。研究结果表明:贸易自由化可能扩大或缩小地区间收入差距,这主要取决于地区相对产业份额以及本地与国外市场接近程度。当本地接近于国外市场并且产业份额相对较小时,贸易自由化与区域间收入差距呈倒"U"型关系;否则,贸易自由化扩大区域间的收入差距。使用1992～2008年中国27个省份面板数据证实了该假说,这也解释了Egger et al.(2005)与Redding和Sturm(2008)研究结论迥异的原因。此外,贸易自由化有利于各区域工资水平的提高,对产业份额较小地区尤为明显。     

What Factors Can Explain the Rising Spatial Disparity in Economic Activities in China?

This paper explores the impact of spatial externalities in shaping China's economic geography by establishing a theoretical framework that contains regional productivity, trade barriers and local amenities to capture spatial externalities between different regions over time. Combining provincial data on bilateral trade flows with observed information about economic geography during the period 1998–2013, we estimate the distribution and marginal contribution of each explanatory factor. Empirical results suggest that regional labor density and wage are positively related to exogenous productivity and amenities, and negatively related to trade barriers. Meanwhile, variation in the marginal contribution of exogenous productivity and amenities and trade barriers reflects the regional temporal–spatial features in China's recent marketization process. Therefore, the Chinese government should place more emphasis on absorbing advanced technologies and reducing inter‐regional market barriers to promote balanced regional development and improve the efficiency of China's spatial resource allocation.     

What is Behind Increasing Wage Inequality in Mexico?

We evaluate the impact of the educational expansion and changes in labor market institutions on wage inequality among Mexican workers using a simulation technique proposed by Knight and Sabot [The American Economic Review 73(5) (1983) 1132–1136]. We conclude that while increases in the relative rate of return of higher education would have induced an increase in wage inequality, changes in the composition of the educational distribution would have led to a stronger decline in wage inequality. Instead, increased wage inequality is largely explained by changes in Mexican labor market institutions; namely, unionization rate and minimum wages.