几类非线性协整模型研究综述

协整分析方法经过20多年的发展成为计量经济学界的一个前沿工具,在经济与金融领域得到了广泛的应用。线性协整分析已经成熟,而非线性协整的理论与方法仍在持续研究中。本文回顾了最近20年非线性协整的发展历史,其中包括结构变化、门限非线性、马尔可夫转换和平滑转换等几类非线性协整模型,强调了这些非线性机制的本质区别,总结了已取得的一些重要研究成果,最后对该问题的最新发展动向加以概括。     

协整向量、调节参数同为非线性的阈值协整检验

针对经济变量的长期均衡和短期调节关系可能同时存在非线性的事实,本文扩展现有阈值协整模型,提出了协整向量、调节参数都为非线性的阈值协整模型,并着重探讨了该模型的检验方法。研究表明,在协整关系的检验中,Wald统计量有较好的有限样本性质。在协整关系的非线性检验中,LMW和LMG统计量的水平扭曲和检验势都较好。在调节参数的非线性检验中,当调节参数具有显著的非线性时,LMH统计量表现出较好的有限样本性质。     

人民币对港币实际有效汇率与外汇储备及交易量的协整分析

本文采用协整分析方法从目前以市场为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制度出发而选择相应变量；外汇市场港币交易量、国家外汇储备。研究它们与人民币对港币实际有效汇率之间的协整关系，建立了描述实际有效汇率由短期波动向长期均衡的线性误差校正模型。实证分析表明该模型取得了很好的模拟效果，显示出从制度和供需理论出发来描述汇率行为的重要性。     

沪深股市投机泡沫存在性检验的新视角——基于向最误差修正模型的MTAR协整分析

本文通过分析沪证和深证指数及与股票市场密切相关的国民经济运行变量的时间序列,建立向量自回归(VAR)模型,并在此基础上得出了我国股市与经济运行之间的长期均衡关系和短期变动的向量误差修正(VEC)模型.因此引入惯性门限自回归(MTAR)模型,通过检验协整残差的非对称调整假设,对我国股票市场发展是否存在泡沫现象进行进一步分析.针时崔畅等(2006)、王薛等(2008)运用MTAK协整检验时中国股市进行实证研究的MTAK模型平稳性的检验提出了质疑,并用同样的方法以新的视角时沪深股市泡沫重新进行了协整检验,得出了一些结论.     

沪深股市投机泡沫存在性检验的新视角——基于向量误差修正模型的MTAR协整分析

本文通过分析沪证和深证指数及与股票市场密切相关的国民经济运行变量的时间序列,建立向量自回归(VAR)模型,并在此基础上得出了我国股市与经济运行之间的长期均衡关系和短期变动的向量误差修正(VEC)模型。因此引入惯性门限自回归(MTAR)模型,通过检验协整残差的非对称调整假设,对我国股票市场发展是否存在泡沫现象进行进一步分析。针对崔畅等(2006)、王薛等(2008)运用MTAR协整检验对中国股市进行实证研究的MTAR模型平稳性的检验提出了质疑,并用同样的方法以新的视角对沪深股市泡沫重新进行了协整检验,得出了一些结论。     

Enders-Granger方法在协整检验中的应用研究

本文将协整检验由传统的线性协整检验扩展到线性协整检验和阈值协整检验,并在Enders和Granger(1998)方法的基础上提出了一个新的检验协整是否存在的Sup-F和Sup-F*统计量。通过MC仿真研究发现:在线性协整下,ADF方法比Sup-F法具有更高的检验势,但在"持久性"较强时,Sup-F检验比ADF检验法具有更高的检验势;Sup-F统计量在Three-Regime的阈值协整检验中比ADF法有更高的检验势;Sup-F*在检验协整(包括线性协整和阈值协整)时都具有较低的检验势;随着在不同Regime中自回归系数差距的增大(非对称程度增大),sup-F统计量的检验势提高很快,且比ADF法的检验势高。     

香港离岸人民币市场利率与汇率联动效应研究

文章运用两区制门限协整模型对香港离岸市场利率与汇率的联动效应进行实证研究,发现香港离岸人民币市场利率与汇率的联动效应呈现非线性特征;在低利差区制,香港离岸人民币市场可以实现有效的自我调节,而在高利差区制,市场无法进行有效的自我调节,且随着远期汇率期限的增加,市场自我调节能力进一步降低。进一步分析香港离岸人民币市场利率与汇率的联动门限效应的影响因素发现,中美贸易摩擦、"811"汇改、央行货币政策等因素都会对离岸市场的状态造成差异化影响。因此,央行应根据区制的不同采取差异化政策,加快离岸市场基础设施建设,完善跨境资本流动管理和监察体制,推进利率和汇率市场化改革。     

我国物价水平的非线性调整分析

在前人对我国物价水平与货币量、产出间的协整关系研究的基础上,本文重新审视了线性调整模型中不变调整速度的假设,并利用非线性调整模型进一步研究了它们之间短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度问题。否定了不变调整速度的假定,肯定了短期偏离的非线性调整性,并解释了我国货币政策对物价水平影响差异的原因。     

非线性误差校正模型中的阈值协整检验——基于阈值协整向量未知的扩展

Kapetanios等(2006)假定阈值协整向量已知,在误差校正模型中使用指数函数刻画非线性调节效应,并使用F懈统计量检验非线性阈值协整.本文基于Kapetanios等(2006)的模型设定,将阈值协整向量由已知扩展为未知,并借鉴Hansen和Seo(2002)的方法估计阈值协整向量和构造F*NEC统计量检验非线性阈值协整.仿真试验表明:本文方法估计的阈值协整向量具有近似无偏、对称的分布和相对较高的精度,并且其随样本容量的变化特征符合一致性.进一步,在有限样本下,F*NEC 与FNEC的水平扭曲没有显著差异,但F*NEC的检验势高于FNEC.     

主要股票市场指数与我国股票市场指数间的协整分析

本文应用协整分析和误差修正模型(ECM)，对沪、深股市指数和主要股票市场(美国、英国、香港和日本)之间的关系进行了实证分析。通过建立误差修正模型(ECM)，发现指数之间收益率序列具有相异的短期波动，而对沪、深股市指数和主要股票市场指数进行协整分析，我们发现国内市场与国际市场不存在协整关系，即没有长期共同趋势，得出我国股票市场与国际市场相分离的结论。     

Bootstrapping cointegrating regressions

In this paper, we consider bootstrapping cointegrating regressions. It is shown that the method of bootstrap, if properly implemented, generally yields consistent estimators and test statistics for cointegrating regressions. For the cointegrating regression models driven by general linear processes, we employ the sieve bootstrap based on the approximated finite-order vector autoregressions for the regression errors and the first differences of the regressors. In particular, we establish the bootstrap consistency for OLS method. The bootstrap method can thus be used to correct for the finite sample bias of the OLS estimator and to approximate the asymptotic critical values of the OLS-based test statistics in general cointegrating regressions. The bootstrap OLS procedure, however, is not efficient. For the efficient estimation and hypothesis testing, we consider the procedure proposed by Saikkonen [1991. Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegration regressions. Econometric Theory 7, 1–21] and Stock and Watson [1993. A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrating systems. Econometrica 61, 783–820] relying on the regression augmented with the leads and lags of differenced regressors. The bootstrap versions of their procedures are shown to be consistent, and can be used to do asymptotically valid inferences. A Monte Carlo study is conducted to investigate the finite sample performances of the proposed bootstrap methods.     

铝期货市场的信息传递及其定价能力的比较研究——基于上海与伦敦铝期货市场的实证检验

借助现代计量经济分析方法,对上海期货交易所和伦敦金属交易所铝期货价格之间的联系以及两个市场在价格发现中的贡献份额进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:两个市场铝期货价格之间存在协整关系,期货价格之间相互影响、相互作用,一个市场的价格信息将对另外一个相关市场的价格波动产生影响;伦敦期铝市场在国际定价中处于主导地位,上海市场的定价能力次之。     

Threshold Effects in Cointegrating Relationships*

In this paper, we introduce threshold‐type nonlinearities within a single‐equation cointegrating regression model and propose a testing procedure for testing the null hypothesis of linear cointegration vs. cointegration with threshold effects. Our framework allows the modelling of long‐run equilibrium relationships that may change according to the magnitude of a threshold variable assumed to be stationary and ergodic, and thus constitutes an attempt to deal econometrically with the potential presence of multiple equilibria. The framework is flexible enough to accommodate regressor endogeneity and serial correlation.     

Near unit roots,cointegration, and the term structure of interest rates

The term structure of interest rates is often modelled as a cointegrated system with the yield spreads forming the cointegrating vectors. Testing whether the yield spreads span the cointegration space is problematic because conventional tests on the cointegration vectors tend to overreject when the largest autoregressive roots deviate from unity, as is likely to be the case with interest rates. A new test that is robust w.r.t. deviations from the exact unit root assumption is developed and applied to monthly US interest rate data from 1952:1–1991:2. Taking into account the regime shift in 1979, the hypothesis of the yield spreads being the cointegrating vectors cannot be rejected using the robust test. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cointegration in a macroeconomic system

This paper investigates the long-run relationships within a set of six quarterly time-series on the Austrian economy by means of cointegration. After analysing the univariate properties, especially with respect to the appropriate seasonal filter, the maximum-likelihood method proposed by Johansen (1988) is applied to estimate and test the cointegrating relationships. We found three such relations, implying that the system is driven by three independent stochastic time trends. In a next stage we investigate whether the empirically determined cointegrating relationships are compatible with implications derived from the neoclassical growth model with exogenous stochastic technical progress. It is found that the Austrian data strongly reject the propositions that the real interest rate and the log ratios of consumption to output, investment to output, and the real gross wage sum to output are stationary.     

Functional-coefficient cointegration models

This paper studies estimation and inference of functional coefficient cointegration models. The proposed model offers a more flexible structure of cointegration where the value of cointegrating coefficients may be affected by informative covariates and thus may vary over time. The model may be viewed as a stochastic cointegration model and includes the conventional cointegration model as a special case. The proposed new model provides a useful complement to the conventional fixed coefficient cointegration models. Both kernel and local polynomial estimators are investigated. Inference procedures for instability of cointegrating parameters and a test for cointegration are proposed based on the functional-coefficient estimates. Limiting distributions of the estimates and testing statistics are derived.     

高管人员薪酬与上市公司经营绩效相关性分析——来自沪、深A股市场制造业上市公司的经验证据

本文以我国沪、深两市2004年A股制造业上市公司样本作为研究对象,从上市公司年度经营绩效以及管理人员报酬等相关信息着手,对上市公司经营绩效、公司规模、国有股比例、高管持股比例与高管人员的薪酬之间的相关性进行了实证分析,以探讨上市公司高层管理人员薪酬与公司绩效的内在关系。     

Stochastic cointegration: estimation and inference

This paper considers the estimation of a stochastically cointegrating regression within the stochastic cointegration modelling framework introduced in McCabe et al. (Stochastic cointegration: testing, 2001). A stochastic cointegrating regression allows some or all of the variables to be conventionally or heteroscedastically integrated. This generalizes Hansen's (J. Econom. 54 (1992) 139) heteroscedastic cointegrating regression model, where the dependent variable is heteroscedastically integrated, but all the regressor variables are restricted to being conventionally integrated. In contrast to conventional and heteroscedastic cointegrating regression, ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimation is shown to be inconsistent, in general, in a stochastically cointegrating regression. As a solution, a new instrumental variables (IVs) estimator is proposed and is shown to be consistent. Under a suitable exogeneity assumption, standard asymptotic inference on the stochastic cointegrating vector can be carried out based on the IV estimator. The finite sample properties of the test statistics, including their robustness to the exogeneity assumption, are examined by simulation.     

Quantile cointegrating regression

Quantile regression has important applications in risk management, portfolio optimization, and asset pricing. The current paper studies estimation, inference and financial applications of quantile regression with cointegrated time series. In addition, a new cointegration model with quantile-varying coefficients is proposed. In the proposed model, the value of cointegrating coefficients may be affected by the shocks and thus may vary over the innovation quantile. The proposed model may be viewed as a stochastic cointegration model which includes the conventional cointegration model as a special case. It also provides a useful complement to cointegration models with (G)ARCH effects. Asymptotic properties of the proposed model and limiting distribution of the cointegrating regression quantiles are derived. In the presence of endogenous regressors, fully-modified quantile regression estimators and augmented quantile cointegrating regression are proposed to remove the second order bias and nuisance parameters. Regression Wald tests are constructed based on the fully modified quantile regression estimators. An empirical application to stock index data highlights the potential of the proposed method.