The volatility of comprehensive income and its association with market risk

Financial statement preparers claim that the ‘excess’ volatility of comprehensive income (CI) confuses financial statement users. We examine the volatility and risk relevance of CI, relative to net income, for a sample of 92 New Zealand nonfinancial firms for the period 2003–2010. The results show that CI is more volatile than net income. However, the volatility of CI incremental to net income is not related to market risk. Furthermore, the incremental volatility of CI does not modify the pricing of net income. These results hold when asset revaluations are excluded from other CI.     

An evaluation of SFAS No. 130 comprehensive income disclosures

In this study, we provide evidence on the pricing of other comprehensive income (OCI) that differs from most evidence in prior research. Prior archival research has largely concluded that OCI is not priced by investors. In contrast, we provide evidence in the post-SFAS 130 period that OCI is priced on a dollar-for-dollar basis as is predicted by economic theory for transitory income items. We attribute this finding to our use of post-SFAS 130 as-reported measures of OCI rather than pre-SFAS 130 as-if estimates of OCI measures. Furthermore, we document that two components of OCI, foreign currency translation adjustment and unrealized gains/losses on available-for-sale securities, are priced by investors. In the post-SFAS 130 period, we also find that the type of financial statement in which firms report OCI and its components affects pricing, consistent with the conclusions of prior experimental research. However, our evidence suggests that investors pay greater attention to OCI information reported in the statement of changes in equity, rather than in a statement of financial performance. This could be attributed to investors becoming more familiar in the post-SFAS 130 period with the predominant reporting of OCI and its components in the statement of changes in equity. These findings may be relevant to both the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board, which jointly are undertaking a new project that, in part, is addressing financial statement presentation of OCI items.

Capital and income financialization: Accounting for the 2008 financial crisis

Financialization is recognised as a key feature of the 2008 financial crisis. We argue that a lesson is the need for an accounting framework which focuses upon financialization allowing it to be monitored and controlled by stakeholders. We argue that financialization has been permitted through the failure of accounting to distinguish distributable income from capital gains/transfers and to distinguish productive from speculative capital. We introduce an accounting presentation (4S accounting) which effectively makes these distinctions. We use a stylized example to illustrate how it should be applied to the financial reporting of banks.     

收入多元化能降低银行风险吗?——基于中国银行业(2001-2010)的实证研究

本文以中国14家商业银行2001-2010年的面板数据为研究对象,考察银行收入多元化对经营风险的影响。研究结果表明,我国银行收入多元化与风险之间并不存在明显关联,其可能原因在于我国商业银行的净利息收入与非利息收入之间存在高度的相关性、考核机制以及会计计量口径的偏差。因而本文建议,我国商业银行应着力优化考核机制、加大非利息收入业务创新力度,而监管部门也应就会计计量标准及监管导向等问题做出妥善安排。     

基于风险管理的国有资本经营预算制度的思考

我国在建立健全国有资本经营预算制度方面进行了一系列的探索和创新性实践,但风险管理仍是我国企业管理中较为薄弱的环节,阻碍了国有资本经营预算制度的进一步有效实施。本文在概述风险管理理念的基础上,阐述了国有资本经营预算制度的内涵,分析了风险管理与国有资本经营预算的有效融合,并对有效构建基于风险管理的国有资本经营预算制度进行了思考。     

商业银行操作风险的实证分析与风险资本计量

利用自上而下模型中的收入模型对银行操作风险进行度量,从宏观视角建立商业银行净利润与经济增长及银行不良资产间的对应关系,对国内两家商业银行的操作风险状况进行实证分析,并在此基础上得出对操作风险资本的计量.研究发现:收入模型可以在某种程度上反映操作风险的大小.目前,我国商业银行面临着较为严重的操作风险,其中,市场因素对收入的影响比信用因素的影响更为明显.     

On taxing capital income with income shifting

We examine a linear capital income tax and a nonlinear labor income tax in a two-type model where individuals live for two periods. We assume that taxes are paid only in the second period in which the agents receive both labor and capital income and may shift income from labor to capital. The two types of individuals may differ with respect to wage rate and initial resource endowments. In the absence of income shifting, endowment variation motivates a capital income tax which would not exist where there is pure wage rate variation. In the latter circumstance, income shifting would indeed establish a case for a capital income tax while adding variation in resource endowments would ambiguously affect the case. The asymmetric information case for a capital income tax must be traded off against distortionary effects not only on savings, but also on labor as an agent may earn labor income which is reported and taxed as capital income.      

二元所得税的兴起:国际经验及启示

二元所得税作为一种对资本所得与劳动所得分离课税的个人所得税新模式,已被越来越多的国家所尝试。围绕二元所得税,理论界的争议主要集中于对资本所得征税的效率性、公平性、管理性和普及性等方面。对我国而言,既要反思劳动所得和资本所得的差异,明确个人所得税改革的基本思路与方向,又要采取渐进主义的改革策略,设计二元所得税的短期、中期和长期目标,在条件成熟时予以尝试。     

The bias in Black-Scholes/Black implied volatility: An analysis of equity and energy markets

In this paper we examine the extent of the bias between Black and Scholes (1973)/Black (1976) implied volatility and realized term volatility in the equity and energy markets. Explicitly modeling a market price of volatility risk, we extend previous work by demonstrating that Black-Scholes is an upward-biased predictor of future realized volatility in S&P 500/S&P 100 stock-market indices. Turning to the Black options-on-futures formula, we apply our methodology to options on energy contracts, a market in which crises are characterized by a positive correlation between price-returns and volatilities: After controlling for both term-structure and seasonality effects, our theoretical and empirical findings suggest a similar upward bias in the volatility implied in energy options contracts. We show the bias in both Black-Scholes/Black implied volatilities to be related to a negative market price of volatility risk. JEL Classification G12 · G13     

VaR模型在测算我国产险公司资产风险资本额中的应用

通过构建我国产险公司资产风险资本额的测算模型,比较V水估计方法后选择Delta—EWMA方法估算资产风险系数,对产险公司的实证分析结果表明：股票、证券投资基金、货币市场投资暴露的风险大,其资产风险资本额比例远高于其资产持有量比例。     

Volatility Spillover in Regional Emerging Stock Markets: A Structural Time-Series Approach

Volatility spillovers among the stock markets of Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia are investigated using the concept of stochastic volatility and structural time-series modeling. The results reveal volatility spillovers, in which the Kuwait market plays the major role. It is also found that volatility in one market cannot be explained fully in terms of volatility in the other two markets, but that, out of the three markets, the Kuwait market seems to be the most influential. Some explanations are put forward for why this is the case.     

The value relevance of superannuation disclosures by Australian-listed firms sponsoring defined benefit plans

This paper investigates the value relevance of (employer sponsored defined benefit plan) superannuation disclosures required by AASB 1028. It addresses the competing claims by standard setters and lobbyists that such disclosures would (not) enhance the relevance and reliability of financial statements. It presents three principal findings. First, disclosed superannuation information is value relevant in the industrial sector, where these items tend to be material. Second, the market weights on the required disclosures are typically higher than those on recognised assets and liabilities. Third, and in contrast to the findings in similar US studies, accrued benefits do not have higher explanatory power relative to vested benefits.     

The Effect of Futures Market Volume on Spot Market Volatility

There has been considerable interest, both academic and regulatory, in the hypothesis that the higher is the volume in the futures market, the greater is the destabilizing effect on the stock market. We show that conventional approaches, such as adding exogenous variables to GARCH models, may lead to false inferences in tests of this question. Using a stochastic volatility model, we show that, contrary to regulatory concern and the results of other papers, contemporaneous informationless futures market trading has no significant effect on spot market volatility.     

期货市场的交易量与价格波动

本文检验了美国期货市场WTI原油、S＆P500指数和10年期国债品种的日内、日间价格波动与日内交易量、隔日交易量之间的关系,发现预期的日内和隔日交易量都有平抑期货市场价格波动的作用,非预期的隔日交易量与期货价格波动之间有正相关关系,非预期的目内交易量对价格波动的影响不显著。从信息对称性的角度分析,预期的交易量中含有更多信息,能抑制期货价格的偏离;非预期的交易量主要由信息反馈者提供,他们往往对期货价格的变动做出过度反应,从而加剧价格波动。     

Stock Market Volatility in an Emerging Market: Further Evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange

We investigate the time series properties of the daily and weekly returns from the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) index for the years 1987 to 1997. We investigate whether important time-series characteristics have changed significantly over time. The Greek market has recently undergone major changes including complete capital flow liberalization, the implementation of computerized trading, as well as significant increases in market volume and capitalization; we thus contrast the 1987–90 and 1991–97 periods. Our findings suggest the dynamics of the ASE composite index returns have changed as the market has developed.     

资本账户开放会扩大收入不平等吗?——基于跨国面板数据的研究

在金融一体化的背景下,各国的资本账户开放程度在不断加深,这对收入分配是否会产生明显的影响?对此,本文搜集和整理了1980—2014年的数据,构建面板数据模型后发现,资本账户开放扩大了收入不平等程度,这在非OECD国家中表现得尤为显著。进一步的分析表明,资本账户开放通过促进非OECD国家高技术产业的发展,提高了对高技能劳动力的相对需求,从而增加了高技能劳动力的相对工资,加剧了贫富差距,但这一作用在经过收入再分配的调整后会被削弱。