WTO框架下人民币汇率机制的法律问题探究

针对美国相关人士提出欲将人民币汇率制度提交WTO申诉解决,国内众多学者认为人民币汇率问题应专属IMF管辖,WTO对此无管辖权。本文立足于WTO相关规则,结合人民币汇率的法律属性,分析认定WTO对此行使管辖权并无障碍;在此基础上,本文从实体法的角度驳斥了美国相关利益集团提出的人民币汇率构成出口补贴的指责,并对美国可能提及的"非违法之诉"进行法律探析。     

“WTO能解决汇率争端吗?

本文围绕WTO对汇率问题是否有管辖权、是否有解决汇率争端的规则、WTO是否适合解决汇率争端等几个方面进行了分析,指出汇率问题宜磋商解决,在WTO成员方没有就影响贸易的汇率问题达成约束性纪律之前,现有规则难以解决这一争议。     

美国国会汇率法案的法律指控和评价

美国国会虽然以IMF规则指控人民币汇率机制,但是由于OMF协定》的软约束义务、国际上对均衡汇率的计算无法统一,IMF执行董事会颁布的决定缺乏强制执行力,人民币汇率机制符合IMF规则。即便WTO可能受理汇率争端,但是由于WTO无法明确“阻碍GATT条款意图”的含义,美国难以认定人民币汇率机制违反GATT第15．4条汇率不是影响价格差异性的条件,加上反倾销措施针对的是具体产业,人民币汇率机制未导致倾销;虽然人民币汇率可能被认定为财政资助,但是判断“授予利益”必须考虑均衡汇率,并且人民币汇率并非针对具体产业,因此难以认定人民币汇率构成补贴。而汇率法案拟采取的几种制裁手段,由于汇率机制都不是决定因素,因此中美双方存在谈判的空间。     

一项国际习惯法规则——国际贸易争端解决中的用尽当地救济规则

在关贸总协定(GATT)与世界贸易组织(WTO)框架下的国际贸易争端,主要是指由于一缔约方采取的贸易政策(或措施)而引起的与他国的争端。GATT/WTO对这类争端都制定了一套争端解决机制,然而“用尽当地救济规则”在这类争端中是否适用,GATT/WTO的有关协议对此均未明确规定,而在实践中,有关国家又经常援引这一规则作为反对GATT/WTO机制对争端解决的管辖权。如何正确认识该规则与GATT/WTO争端解决机制的关系,对于顺利解决     

WTO和CPTPP争端解决机制的管辖权冲突与协调

国际法的碎片化和不成体系使得不同的国际争端解决机制之间可能发生管辖权冲突。WTO和CPTPP在成员和实体规则上存在重叠,可能导致管辖权冲突。尽管CPTPP含有排他性场所选择条款,但从WTO争端解决实践来看,排他性场所选择条款的效力未能明确得到WTO专家组或上诉机构的认可。上诉机构曾提出“法律障碍”这一概念,承认在特定情形下WTO专家组可以不行使管辖权。“法律障碍”与一般国际法上的案件不可受理含义相同,排他性场所选择条款、禁止反言、既判力原则等都可能成为存在法律障碍的具体情形。解决CPTPP和WTO管辖权冲突最直接的方法是修改DSU第23条,将场所选择条款引入DSU,为WTO和CPTPP之间的管辖权分配扫清障碍。此外,安妮—玛丽·斯劳特提出的跨国司法对话这一新视角也能为协调WTO和RTAs的管辖权冲突提供借鉴。根据该理论,WTO专家组在面对与CPTPP之间的管辖权冲突时可以遵循国际礼让原则,自愿克制行使管辖权。     

专家组在管辖权上有自由裁量权吗?——评美国诉墨西哥糖税案

WTO争端解决体制是目前适用范围最广、最具权威的国际争端解决体制，但同时还存在着由WTO成员之间签署的一些多边或双边贸易协定所倒设的争端解决机制，那么一旦成员间出现贸易纠纷，究竟应该首选哪一个机制来解决争端，WTO专家组对案件的管辖权是否可以进行自由裁量，本文就试图通过一个具体案例来回答这个问题。[编者按]     

从WTO争端解决机制角度分析多边贸易体系和区域经济组织的互动

本文从WTO争端解决机制这一新视角出发,对多边贸易体系和区域经济组织的互动关系进行了分析.本文认为,多边争端解决机制缺乏直接实施能力这一特性导致小国试图通过组成或进入区域经济组织来提高解决争端时的讨价还价能力.而区域经济组织的发展以及其内部争端解决机制的建立造成了与多边贸易机构的司法管辖权重叠问题,为GATT/WTO成员解决相互间的贸易摩擦提供了选择法庭以获得最有利裁决的机会.     

WTO当前面临的挑战及其解决之道

WTO自1995年成立以来,将调整范围从传统的货物贸易扩展到了服务贸易、投资、知识产权等领域,并且建立了具有强制管辖权的争端解决机制,改正了关贸总协定时期争端解决机制软弱无力的缺陷.毫无疑问,WTO在促进国际贸易发展方面作出了显著贡献,但当前WTO也面临了若干挑战或者说困难,主要体现在决策程序、争端解决机制、承诺方式等方面.我国应当继续支持多边体制,并积极通过双边、区域途径倡导建立新的国际经贸规则,并通过包括WTO在内的争端解决机制明确现有规则,建立健全我国的贸易政策形成机制.     

WIPO与WTO体制下知识产权争端解决机制的比较

国际知识产权争端解决机制的内容主要涉及世界知识产权组织（以下简称WIPO）体制下的知识产权争端解决规则和世界贸易组织（以下简称WTO）关于知识产权争端解决的一般规范及专门规定。WIPO／WTO知识产权争端解决机制在所涉争端的性质、适用范围、具体运作程序等方面存在差异,从WIPO／WTO知识产权争端解决机制的宗旨及存在的问题看,两者既存在现实的冲突,又存在进一步合作的可能。     

刍议人民币汇率形成机制的改进

随着加入WTO和我国金融业的逐步开放,人民币现行汇率形成机制存在的问题逐渐显现。作为国家宏观经济政策的重要组成部分,人民币汇率形成机制应适时调整,以维护国际收支平衡,顺应国民经济发展需要。本文剖析了人民币现行汇率形成机制存在的问题并提出了相应的对策。     

Brown＇s Blossom in Britain-China

The overall strategic relationship between U.K. and China is ＂better than ever＂, China- Britain relations have maintained good momentum, with increased high-level exchanges and the reinforcement of strategic mutual trust, with more room for growth in the future.     

Challenge and Opportunity Go Hand in Hand——What Global Economic Agitation Brings to the China's Economy?

Domino effects of the global finance agitation As the origin of the subprime crisis,US financial institutions lost USS45 billion last year,accounted for over half of the total US,EU & Japan loss.Since January 15th,Chtigroup released its financial statement of the 4th quarter,showing a net deficit of USS9.83 billion,which marked the hisoric high of its quarterly deficit.     

Sinosteel：Extraordinary Moves in Industry Chess

Among the Fortune 500 firms,more and more images from China emerge out.On the 2008 list,Sinosteel Corporation,a landmark group of China industries quietly squeezes into the candidate line.As the largest steel service ＆ trade enterprise,its sales reached at RMB 111.24 billion,with a year-on-year increase of 83.03 percent,and the profit grew by 180.03 percent.On the Sinosteel 2008 Work Meeting,the president Huang Tianwen uttered,＂In the coming year,we will work for US$20 billion sales,and look forward to getting a position in Fortune 500 firms for ourselves.＂     

Walk Through Unusual Five Years—— An Exhibitor＇s Canton Fair Course

When the 103rd Canton Fair is approaching, an old friend of Canton Fair, Li Ying from Jiangsu prov-ince recollected his past five years＇ experiences to the grand trade meeting. Each year is special, with some unforgettable memories colored by the year.     

Jean-Pierre Duprieu： Willing to Be A Legate of Sino-French Business

Estaing, former French president, Valery Giscard d＇Estaing attended Sino-French Economic Seminar held in Shanghai in early April and said that the world center has shifted from the west to the east with many European and US companies entering into Asia, and China has the ability to play an important role in the world stage. Estaing, naming himself＂French Confucian＂, then said in Chinese that a cook-group includes 10 people in ancient Chinese soldier system and the cook is in charge of cooking for them. And people who belong to the same cook are actually ＂Partners＂.     

China''''s Stock Market Wave

The annual meeting of the World Economy Forum was held in Davos,a little town in Switzerland,on January 23rd to the 27th this year,with the theme"the Power fo Collaborative Innovation",over 2500 celebrates from ture political and cconomic circles of more than 80 countries and challengred logether to talk about the future of the global economy in 2008,A Forum for the problems and challenges that face whole world,some of the keywords which drew attention during the event were:the U.S.subprime mortgage crisis,soaring energy prices,the economic slowdown in the U.S.ermerging economic bodies,authority funds and the general unpredictable nature of the global economy.     

Trade Promotion from Neighborhood

If you are considering to trade with companies in Japan or expanding your .business to Japan, we are ready to help from the very beginning.＂ You will find this greeting at the first sight on the Chinese website of Japan External Trade Organization （JETRO）. JETRO has committed itself in delivering highly efficient and quality services to meet the demand of internal and external customs including Japanese companies, hence winning a good reputation in the international trade arena. In recent years, with its priority in advancing business cooperation in South and East Asia, JETRO has made great achievement in promoting trade between China and Japan. Therefore, China＇s Foreign Trade interviewed Mr. Yoichi Maine, Deputy Director General of JETRO BEIJING.     

Auto Parts Market Potential Coming into Surface

Looking at the increasingly fierce competition in the world auto market. global automobile manufacturing industry, taking Europe, the U.S. and Japan as representatives, is gradually forming a new type of relationship, mutual cooperation between whole vehicle and parts manufacturers. We can clearly see that auto parts manufacturers have become independent from the whole vehicle manufacturing companies, which means that the former structure of auto industry has greatly changed, and a new relationship,     

Public Financial Expenditure——A Reflection of the Livelihood Improvement

In recent years.China's public finance put social construction high on the agenda and attaches more importance on livelihood insurance and improvement.The 2003-2007 public financial expenditure reflects a fact that the government isputting more emphasis on livelihood andissues concerning the people.     

Voices from the MPC and CPPCC

"Crucial for economic growth.energy utilization has its role in all economic sectors and every aspect of people's daily life.Now we are in dire need of a new profession,namely energy manager.We not only need to have passion and responsibility,but also a scientific approach to conserve energy and cut emissions.APpropriate legislation should be in place.and a special profession should be introduced to ensure the implementation of these laws and regulations."