TAYLOR RULE REACTION COEFFICIENTS AND REAL EXCHANGE RATE PERSISTENCE

Recent literature has established a link between the persistence of real exchange rates and the degree of inertia in Taylor rule monetary policy reactions functions. This paper provides a different view on this link by investigating how the size of Taylor rule reaction coefficients impacts the adjustment dynamics of the real exchange rate. Within a stylized sticky‐price open‐economy macro model, it is demonstrated that a stronger interest rate reaction to inflation in the Taylor rule raises the convergence speed of the real exchange rate. Conversely, raising the coefficient on the output gap or attending to the exchange rate in an open‐economy version of the Taylor rule slows down real exchange rate adjustment. In all cases, more rapid convergence comes at the cost of stronger initial real exchange rate misalignments in the wake of monetary policy shocks.     

ASIAN REAL EXCHANGE RATES AND OIL PRICES: A COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS UNDER STRUCTURAL BREAKS

We examine the long‐run relationship between Asian real exchange rates and oil prices in the presence of structural breaks. The relevance of considering breaks is demonstrated by utilizing the Johansen et al. procedure that allows for up to two predetermined breaks. Using conventional tests that do not consider breaks reveals no evidence of cointegration. However, the Johansen et al. procedure clearly demonstrates the importance of considering breaks and provides strong support for a stable long‐run relationship in all but Japan and the Philippines. Moreover, the results suggest evidence of bi‐directional causality in Malaysia and Thailand, uni‐directional causality from exchange rates to oil prices in Korea, the Philippines, and Singapore, uni‐directional causality from oil prices to the exchange rate in Indonesia, and no evidence of causality in Japan.     

开放进程中的货币政策目标和汇率制度选择

20世纪80年代以后,理论研究对货币政策目标和汇率制度选择问题进行了新的诠释,国际经验为此提供了实证支持。应用于中国的现实情况,在开放和发展进程中,不完全的资本流动性、现实经济中的多重政策目标以及宏观经济内外失衡之间的传导机制,使得中国在实施货币政策的同时,应该而且能够维持汇率的相对稳定性。     

实际汇率、进出口贸易和我国城乡收入差距——基于结构VAR模型的动态分析

城乡收入差距的持续扩大是我国经济社会发展面临的一个突出问题。除了对它作价值判断外,更重要的是要搞清楚城乡收入差距持续扩大的原因。在结构VAR模型基础上,讨论实际汇率、贸易开放对城乡收入差距潜在的动态影响。研究发现:①实际汇率升值和贸易自由化都会扩大城乡收入差距。②实际汇率冲击能解释50%左右的贸易开放度波动,累积负效应在长期内才能转化成正效应。③贸易开放度冲击对收入差距的影响呈W型,累积影响是持续加剧了城乡收入差距。④实际汇率对收入差距的影响呈M型。尽管实际汇率冲击在一年之后只能解释8%左右的收入差距波动,但累积传递率从第7个季度开始不断上升。     

汇率冲击与房地产泡沫演化:国际经验及中国的政策取向

汇率失衡及其调整,通过流动性效应、预期效应、财富效应、溢出效应以及信贷扩张或收缩效应等影响房地产价格。国际经验表明,汇率冲击是房地产泡沫演化的一个诱因,但并不必然引发房地产泡沫。事实上,近年来人民币升值预期和人民币升值压力的货币化,加剧了房地产泡沫。但在建立有管理的浮动汇率制度过程中的人民币小幅升值不会诱致房地产泡沫膨胀或崩溃。     

“外升内贬”背景下的人民币汇率形成机制改革

自2006年底至今,人民币对外升值与对内贬值并存的现象引人关注。本文从购买力平价、巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应、定量宽松与输入性通胀等角度对人民币"外升内贬"的现象进行了解释。在"外升内贬"与美元汇率持续走低的背景下,中国政府应如何选择人民币汇率形成机制呢?本文在剖析各种机制优缺点的基础上,通过引入一个评估框架,对各种人民币汇率形成机制进行了综合评价。评价结果显示,从当前的汇率机制逐渐过渡至BBC制度,将是中国政府的最优选择。     

REAL INTEREST RATE PARITY AND FOURIER QUANTILE UNIT ROOT TEST

Real interest rate differentials usually exhibit two properties; structural breaks and asymmetric dynamics. In this paper, we use various types of Quantile Unit Root Test (QURT) which accounts for both properties. Unlike previous research, we reject the unit root in the real interest rate differentials in 18 out of 21 OECD countries as well as in 4 out of 5 BRICS countries using QURT with sharp and smooth breaks.     

3D printing,international trade,and FDI

We analyze the relationship between 3D printing technology, the volume of trade, and the structure of foreign direct investment (FDI). We present a standard trade model with firm-specific heterogeneity into which we include 3D printing as a technology choice for foreign direct investment. The model generates three predictions. First, 3D printers are introduced in areas with high economic activity that face high transport costs. Second, technological progress in 3D printing leads to FDI dependent on traditional techniques gradually being replaced by FDI based on 3D printing. Third, with wider adoption, further technological progress in 3D printing leads to a gradual replacement of international trade. Empirical evidence focusing on the sectors with the highest rates of adoption supports the first hypothesis, while evidence from a case study supports the second and third. Our results suggest that the traditional strategy of poor countries for export-led industrialization is threatened by the widespread adoption of 3D printing that replaces international trade.     

HUMAN CAPITAL DISTRIBUTION,GROWTH AND TRADE

Distribution differences in human capital matter for a country's growth and trade. While the existing literature considers only the diversity difference in talent distribution, we argue that the kurtosis difference is also an important factor. In a two‐sector equilibrium growth model, where the production function is supermodular for the consumption‐good sector and submodular for the R&D sector, we prove that the diversity effect and kurtosis effect are opposite to each other. A country endowed with more diverse but leptokurtic talent distribution may have lower growth rate and import submodular goods, opposite to the conventional result from considering only the diversity difference.     

人民币汇率定价的逆周期因子：启用时间、驱动因素与实施效果*

本文对2017年5月—2019年9月期间人民币汇率定价过程中逆周期因子的使用进行了测算，并构建非限制性VAR模型分析了中国央行两次启用逆周期因子的驱动因素和实施效果。研究发现：第一，相对于官方公布时间，两次逆周期因子调节均呈现出提前开始和滞后结束的情况，且调整幅度呈现逐渐收窄的趋势；第二，第二次逆周期因子的调节幅度大于第一次；第三，人民币汇率波动是第一次逆周期因子调节的主要驱动因素，而离岸在岸汇价差和汇率政策不确定性是第二次逆周期因子调节的主要驱动因素；第四，两次逆周期因子调节均对人民币汇率波动产生了抑制作用，但加剧了离岸市场人民币贬值预期。     

人民币汇率定价的逆周期因子：启用时间、驱动因素与实施效果*

本文对2017年5月—2019年9月期间人民币汇率定价过程中逆周期因子的使用进行了测算,并构建非限制性VAR模型分析了中国央行两次启用逆周期因子的驱动因素和实施效果。研究发现：第一,相对于官方公布时间,两次逆周期因子调节均呈现出提前开始和滞后结束的情况,且调整幅度呈现逐渐收窄的趋势;第二,第二次逆周期因子的调节幅度大于第一次;第三,人民币汇率波动是第一次逆周期因子调节的主要驱动因素,而离岸在岸汇价差和汇率政策不确定性是第二次逆周期因子调节的主要驱动因素;第四,两次逆周期因子调节均对人民币汇率波动产生了抑制作用,但加剧了离岸市场人民币贬值预期。     

FURTHER EVIDENCE ON REAL INTEREST RATE EQUALIZATION: PANEL INFORMATION,NON‐LINEARITIES AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES

Previous studies applying traditional unit root tests generally have difficulty providing widespread evidence supporting the real interest rate parity hypothesis (RIPH). This paper aims to analyse the empirical fulfilment of RIPH for 17 OECD countries by employing many recently developed unit root tests. Power of the tests is raised by taking different approaches, such as using cross‐sectional information, accounting for non‐linear adjustment towards the equilibrium and allowing for structural changes. The combined results of the tests using panel information show that broad evidence in favour of RIPH prevails for 13 of the 17 countries. By contrast, univariate tests fail to make widespread rejections of the unit‐root hypothesis. Our evidence reveals a high degree of market integration for developed countries, and the effect of monetary policies as a stabilization tool might be limited at least in the long run.     

DYNAMIC CORRELATION BETWEEN STOCK RETURNS AND EXCHANGE RATE AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON THE CONDITIONAL VOLATILITIES – THE CASE OF SEVERAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The objective of the paper is to determine whether the linkage between stock returns and exchange rates in several Eastern European countries was in accordance with the flow oriented model or the portfolio‐balance approach. The dynamic interdependence between exchange rate and stock returns is determined using the Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) framework. The results pointed to a negative dynamic correlation which is in line with portfolio‐balance approach. Rolling regression revealed that conditional correlation was affected primarily by conditional volatility of currency, while the impact of stock returns volatility was negligible.     

Drivers of the real effective exchange rates in high and upper‐middle income countries

This paper revisits the nexus between real effective exchange rate (REER) and total factor productivity (TFP) by controlling for trade openness, financial development and natural resources rents. We use a sample of 60 high‐income and upper‐middle income countries over the period 1995–2015 and employ the GMM estimation framework. Our results advance the empirical knowledge on the drivers of REER by providing robust evidence that the impact of TFP is not uniform across different country clusters. We find that in high‐income countries, increasing productivity causes the REER to depreciate hence becoming more trade competitive while the opposite is true for upper‐middle income countries. Furthermore, financial development and natural resources rents have no meaningful impact in the case of upper‐middle income countries but retain a significant effect in high‐income countries. Trade openness plays a key role in explaining the variation in REER in both country clusters.