共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
Ning Li 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,80(4):771-789
One challenge that globalization has brought to business is that firms, as they expand their market globally through cross-border
alliances, need to deal with partner firms from countries of different religious background. The impact of a country’s dominant
religion on its firms’ international market entry mode choices has not been examined in traditional approaches. Focusing on
hypothesizing the influence of Christian beliefs and atheism (i.e., the absence of belief in any deities), this research aims
to fill the gap by exploring religion’s role in providing moral restraint on managers’ propensity for opportunism, which in
turn affects these managers’ choices of their firms’ international market entry via non-equity alliances or joint ventures.
A study of 22,156 cross-border alliances formed in 48 industries world-wide over 9 years provides new insight toward understanding
religion’s influence on firms’ international market entry mode decisions through the ethical dimension of strategic leadership.
This article would fit best under the International Management section for reviewing purposes. 相似文献
2.
For many decades the US dollar has remained unchallenged as the world’s dominant international currency. What is behind its
persistent pre-eminence in the international monetary system and can this be expected to last? Could the euro rival or even
surpass the dollar as the leading currency? If it did, what would be the consequences for Euroland?
相似文献
3.
In the traditional model of international trade, labour market reforms in one country are often viewed as beggar-thy-neighbour policies, because they negatively affect the competitiveness and employment levels of the country’s trading partners. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that this is not the case. By addressing labour market reforms in the context of intra-industry trade, this article explains how such reforms, while boosting employment, ultimately reduce a country’s terms of trade, thereby benefitting the country’s trading partners. The authors call for more international policy coordination to achieve optimal outcomes. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we critique the emergent international normative framework of growth – the knowledge economy. We point out
that the standardized character of knowledge economy’s flagship – intellectual property rights (IPRs) – has an adverse impact
on women in emerging economies, such as India. Conversely, this impact on women, a significant consumer segment, has a feedback
effect in terms of market growth. Conceptually, we analyze the consequences of knowledge economy and standardized IPR through
a feminist lens. We extend the analyses by pointing to various contradictions surrounding growth norms; for example, there
are inherent contradictions between established “formal” legalistic interpretation of IPR, “soft law” norms of corporate social
responsibility, a fluid situation of moral claims of human rights, and different institutional capabilities at the international
and domestic level. Consequently, we are able to demonstrate how standard IPR laws fail to deliver equity for all. We argue
our case through exploring the growth aspects of the agricultural sector in India and the adverse impact of standard biopatenting
on women farmers’ rights (as producers and consumers) and preservation of environment. We suggest that desired gendered equity
is better achieved when there is a constellation of actors – private-sector business, the state, and civil-society leaders
– working together to ensure a balanced development through tailoring of IPR to local needs. 相似文献
5.
Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2011,11(2):187-201
Players’ access to information, their market power, and the timing and rationale of their decisions are important but often
neglected in the making of strategic trade policies. I examine optimal decisions in a monopsonistic market with asymmetric
information to determine an exporting country’s policy strategies. The large importing country first sets a producer subsidy
and later imposes an import tariff after learning about the welfare-maximizing exporter’s reactions to the subsidy. I assume
that at the time of their decisions, the n exporting firms have incomplete information and rely only on noisy signals from their own domestic market to account for
the uncertainty in the international market. I find that import tariff and producer subsidy can be substitute rather than
exclusively independent policies. Results also show that the exporting country’s optimal reaction is non-linear and is based
on the structure of its export industry; the exporting country’s government facing a large importer subsidizes (or taxes)
its export when the number of exporting firms is low (or high) relative to a threshold number of firms. More important, before
giving out subsidies, the exporting country’s government requires more collusion of its firms especially when the large importer
targets a fixed domestic price. 相似文献
6.
Cátia Felisberto 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2012,12(1):21-46
A static model is developed to analyse the incumbent’s innovation strategy under monopoly and duopoly. A number of potential
objectives for the incumbent are modelled here, including the maximization of revenue, profit, and welfare (which are common
among the network industries). Its marginal cost depends upon investment in new technologies and processes. The incumbent
chooses its price and its level of investment in innovation. The incumbent’s elasticity of demand under both market structures
and the incumbent’s market share under duopoly determine which market structure creates more incentives to innovate. For certain
values of these variables, duopoly provides more incentives to innovate than monopoly. As expected, the incentives to innovate
increase when the incumbent places greater weight on social welfare. 相似文献
7.
This work uses a case-based research approach and Siggelkow’s (Acad Manag J 47:125–159, 2002) four-phase organizational configuration model to analyze Zildjian’s evolutionary growth and entrepreneurial initiatives
in the global music industry. Zildjian is a unique and well-respected cymbal manufacturer that originated out of Turkey in
1623 and continues to be a major force in the music instruments sector. Turkey was a growing market during the periods of
1700 and 1800 that helped Zildjian to become an increasingly successful company. This also led to creating 13 generations
of a successful family business. The work discusses Zildjian’s 387-year family genealogy and its growth within the domains
of entrepreneurship, organizational configurations, and strategic inertia. The work finds that behind Zildjian’s marvelous
expansion and well-known cymbals, there is a tightly knit family firm that continues to operate like an entrepreneurial venture,
dealing with thousands of artists, musicians, educators, orchestras, and bands worldwide. As of 2011, the company may not
be a large multinational corporation but its business model is a classic addition to the international entrepreneurship literature.
Staunchly traditional in its family business, Zildjian thrives as a privately held company and protects its closely guarded
metallurgical formula. The significance of this work lies in its unique methodology within the evolution of Zildjian’s entrepreneurial
growth and organizational configurations. 相似文献
8.
Kemal Türkcan 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2011,11(2):149-186
A distinctive feature of present globalization is the development of international production sharing activities, i.e. production
fragmentation. The increased importance of fragmentation in world trade has created an interest among trade economists in
explaining the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in intermediate goods. In this study, the extent of IIT in Austria’s
auto-parts trade is analyzed by decomposing Austria’s auto-parts trade into one-way trade, vertical IIT, and horizontal intra-industry
trade IIT. Then, the development of vertical IIT in the auto-parts industry is examined as an indicator for international
fragmentation of the production process between Austria and its 29 trading partners, and various country-specific factors
suggested by the fragmentation literature are tested using panel econometrics as well as more recent data from 1996 to 2006.
The results show that a substantial portion of IIT in the Austrian auto-parts industry is vertical IIT, and the econometric
results mainly support the hypothesis drawn from the fragmentation theory. In particular, the findings show that the extent
of Austria’s vertical IIT in auto-parts is positively correlated with average market size, differences in per capita GDP,
and foreign direct investment, while it is negatively correlated with distance. 相似文献
9.
Negotiations proceed differently across cultures. For realistic modeling of agents in multicultural negotiations, the agents
must display culturally differentiated behavior. This paper presents an agent-based simulation model that tackles these challenges,
based on Hofstede’s model of national cultures. The context is a trade network for goods with a hidden quality attribute.
The negotiation model is based on the ABMP negotiation architecture and applies a utility function that includes market value,
quality preference and risk attitude. The five dimensions of Hofstede’s model are the basis for the modification of ABMP parameters
and weight factors in the utility function. The agents can observe each other’s group membership and status. This information
is used, along with the indices of Hofstede’s dimensions, to differentiate behavior in different cultural settings. The paper
presents results of test runs that verify the implementation of the model. The model helps to explain behaviors of actors
in international trade networks. It proves that Hofstede’s dimensions can be used to generate culturally differentiated agents.
Further validations of the model with case studies from literature and experiments have yet to be conducted. Extensions can
make this model a useful tool for training traders who engage in cross-cultural negotiation and for implementation in negotiation
support systems. 相似文献
10.
Thomas Laudal 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,96(1):63-77
Most empirical studies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) focus on variables at the company level. In this article,
I focus on the sector level: I consider features of the international clothing business and of the global economy in general,
that may influence the CSR potential. There is high ‘CSR potential’ when sector-specific features indicate that the risk of
violating CSR standards is high. Thus, ‘high CSR potential’ indicates that there is a potential for positive influence through
CSR-related actions. Based on several empirical studies of the clothing business, I identify six features that indicate a
high CSR potential. These features are shown to be consistent with more general features of the global economy. This holds
whether we emphasize asymmetric relations and unequal distribution, the product cycle, or transnationalization. Thus, the
CSR potential of the international clothing business seems not only to be a product of sector-specific properties, but also
of more systemic and general features of the global economy. This suggests that the CSR performance of individual companies
may enhance their social and environmental impact, but will probably have little effect on the features that determine the
CSR potential. In order to affect these features I argue, we rely on other institutions to act – mainly governments. Finally,
I conclude that this study shows that it is useful to identify the CSR potential of a business sector. We get a picture of
which part of the international CSR standards companies run the greatest risk of violating and of which structural issues
intergovernmental actions should address to reduce the potential for violating CSR standards. 相似文献
11.
We examine the relative roles of marketing actions and product quality in determining commercial success. Using the motion
picture context, in which product quality is difficult for consumers to anticipate and information on product success is available
for different points in time, we model the effects of studio actions and movie quality on a movie’s sales during different
phases of its theatrical run. For a sample of 331 recent motion pictures, structural equation modeling demonstrates that studio
actions primarily influence early box office results, whereas movie quality influences both short- and long-term theatrical
outcomes. The core results are robust across moderating conditions. We identify two data segments with follow-up latent class
regressions and explore the degree of studio actions needed to “save” movies of varying quality. We finally offer some implications
for research and management. 相似文献
12.
We use data on 3,948 Chinese firms obtained from the World Bank’s Investment Climate Private Enterprise Survey to investigate
early international entrepreneurship (international new ventures) in China. The extent of early international entrepreneurship
in China is significant: 62% of the exporting firms start export operations within 3 years. Foreign shareholders within the
firm and an entrepreneur with previous exporting experience are noted to significantly increase the probability that a firm
internationalizes early. We find marked differences in the behaviour of indigenous and foreign-invested firms, and between
direct and indirect exporters. For example, for an indigenous firm the more foreign experience its entrepreneur has, the less
likely it is to start exporting early. As far as indirect exporting is concerned, business networks are significant determinants
of the extent of such exporting, but delays the internationalization process of indigenous firms. The more firms in China
export, the more time their managers need to spend on government regulations, although perhaps counter-intuitively, this was
not found to discourage exporting. Overall, the findings suggest that exporting by indigenous Chinese firms is often due to
challenging or adverse domestic conditions. 相似文献
13.
Marketing Communications and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Marriage
of Convenience or Shotgun Wedding? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper aims to examine the role(s) that the various vehicles of marketing communications can play with respect to communicating,
publicising and highlighting organisational CSR policies to its various stakeholders. It will further endeavour to evaluate
the impact of such communications on an organisation’s corporate reputation and brand image. The proliferation of unsubstantiated
ethical claims and so-called ‘green washing’ by some companies has resulted in increasing consumer cynicism and mistrust.
This has made the task of communicating with, and more importantly convincing, an organisation’s stakeholders vis-à-vis its
CSR credentials even more difficult. This paper argues that marketing communications tools can play a major role in conveying
a company’s CSR messages and communicating a more socially responsible image. 相似文献
14.
Richard A. Bernardi 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,65(1):43-53
This paper examines the associations among social desirability response bias, cultural constructs and gender. The study includes
the responses of 1537 students from 12 countries including Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Ireland,
Japan, Nepal, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. The results of the analysis indicate that, on average, social desirability
response bias decreases (increases) as a country’s Individualism (Uncertainty Avoidance) increases. The analysis also indicates
that women scored significantly higher on Paulhus’ Image Management Subscale on an overall basis and for seven of the 12 country
comparisons. This research serves as a caution when considering the research findings of prior international survey-based
ethics research that do not include a direct measure of social desirability response bias. For example, the finding that women
score higher on Paulhus’ measure of social desirability response bias calls into question prior research that does not control
for social desirability response bias indicating women are more ethically sensitive than men. 相似文献
15.
Regulative institutions supporting entrepreneurship in emerging economies: A comparison of China and India 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
China and India are touted as new entrepreneurship powerhouses. The two countries’ different institutional history and characteristics
have led to differences in environments related to entrepreneurship. There are some well-founded rationales as well as a number
of misinformed and ill-guided viewpoints about the friendliness of the environment to support entrepreneurship in each country
as well as the China–India differences concerning entrepreneurial environment. This article contributes to this debate by
offering theoretical and empirical evidence regarding the differences in regulative institutions in the two economies. Specifically,
we compare the state’s regulative, participative, and supportive roles from the standpoint of entrepreneurship in the two
countries. 相似文献
16.
Many transnational corporations and international organizations have embraced corporate social responsibility (CSR) to address
criticisms of working and environmental conditions at subcontractors’ factories. While CSR ‹codes of conduct’ are easy to
draft, supplier compliance has been elusive. Even third-party monitoring has proven an incomplete solution. This article proposes
that an alteration in the supply chain’s governance, from an arms-length market model to a collaborative partnership, often
will be necessary to effectuate CSR. The market model forces contractors to focus on price and delivery as they compete for
the lead firm’s business, rendering CSR observance secondary, at best. A collaborative partnership where the lead firm gives
select suppliers secure product orders and other benefits removes disincentives and adds incentives for CSR compliance. In
time, the suppliers’ CSR habit should shift their business philosophy toward pursuing CSR as an end in itself, regardless
of buyer incentives and monitoring. This article examines these hypotheses in the context of the athletic footwear sector
with Nike, Inc. and its suppliers as the specific case study. The data collected and conclusions reached offer strategies
for advancing CSR beyond the superficial and often ineffectual ‹code of conduct’ stage. 相似文献
17.
Research suggests that international assignment experience enhances awareness of societal stakeholders, influences personal
values, and provides rare and valuable resources. Based on these arguments, we hypothesize that CEO international assignment
experience will lead to increased corporate social performance (CSP) and will be moderated by the CEO’s functional background.
Using a sample of 393 CEOs of S&P 500 companies and three independent data sources, we find that CEO international assignment
experience is positively related to CSP and is significantly moderated by the CEO’s functional background. Specifically, CEOs
with international assignment experience and an output functional background (e.g., marketing and sales) are positively associated
with greater CSP. 相似文献
18.
We focus on an analysis of entrepreneurs’ motivation in business internationalization. Following on from the Regulatory Focus Theory, two differing approaches emerge: promotion (PMF) and prevention (PVF). PMF entrepreneurs approach internationalization spurred
by their own motivation as opposed to PVF entrepreneurs who engage in internationalization motivated by the competitive environment.
We propose that entrepreneurs’ motivational orientation depends on their prior international experience relating to business
internationalization. Moreover, an internationalization strategy requires information regarding markets, barriers and support
programmes. Entrepreneurs’ motivational orientation also impacts their informational concerns and alertness to informative
stimuli. For the empirical application, we assess the opinions of entrepreneurs working in the Spanish natural stone sector.
Findings reveal that entrepreneurs’ motivational orientation with regard to international opportunities changes as they gain
experience, which at the same time alters their alertness and their informational concerns. 相似文献
19.
Social networks and speed of new venture internationalization during institutional transition: A conceptual model 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper examines the role of social networks in the internationalization process of new ventures in the context of transition
economies. We introduce a conceptual model in which the relationship between various dimensions of an entrepreneur’s network
and new venture internationalization speed is contingent upon a country’s stage of institutional transition. We theorize that
strong national ties and weak international ties, accessible through brokers, contribute to speedier new venture internationalization
in contexts characterized by fundamental institutional upheaval. We also theorize that the value of various structural aspects
of an entrepreneur’s network changes as transition progresses. 相似文献
20.
Jun Kurihara 《Business Economics》2007,42(3):29-35
After having undergone protracted economic doldrums,
Japan has begun to attract the world’s attention. Prime
Minister Shintaro Abe, taking office in September 2006,
pledged to continue his predecessor’s reforms while looking
to closer economic ties with Japan’s neighboring countries.
This paper examines the challenges the Abe administration
must address, the reforms the administration still
needs to tackle, and the problems that lie ahead. It starts
with an evaluation of Japan’s economic condition from a
long-term perspective, especially the drastic change in its
labor market and its rapidly aging society. It then discusses
the unfinished reforms the government is facing—
restored fiscal balances, a less-regulated economy both at
home and abroad, and a new innovation-driven growth
path. In sharp contrast to his single-minded and charismatic predecessor, Prime Minister Abe has taken a less
spectacular and more nuanced stance toward reforms. A
more market-principled Japan will create increased competitive
conditions for economic players in both the private
and public sectors. Japan’s economy will face a precarious
state—swinging between an economy armed with marketbased
principles (but suffering from a “growth pain”) and
an “ugly Japan” that divides the haves and the have-nots.
JEL Classification 053, J10 相似文献