Health and development∗

The linkage between development and health is clearly spelt out in the definition of primary health care by the World Health Organisation. There is a widespread and growing disillusionment with the traditional Western approach to health care which fails to meet the real demands of the Third World situation.

This paper looks briefly at conditions in the developing world and the strategy proposed by the W H O to attempt to meet the objective of health for all by the year 2000 and refers to the South African situation.     

Evaluation of high-tech enterprises＇ development capacity

In order to study the development capacity of high-tech enterprises, this paper studies the evaluation index system of high-tech enterprises＇ development capacity, reviews the analysis methods on this topic, then analyzes and evaluates the development capacity of 25 high-tech enterprises in Hunan.     

The development of Media Economics in China

The media economics in China started in 1978.At the Third Plenum of 11th Central Committee of CPC(1978), Chinese govern- ment made the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world, the nation’s economic development determined as the principal tas…     

“Sustainable development” in Pacific micro-economies

This paper argues that the central economic problem for a number of very small Pacific Island economies is the preservation and enhancement of their status as rentier societies, and the relatively high living standards (vis-à-vis other developing countries) which go with the status. The thrust of most development planning in the region, with its focus on “sustainable” expansion of productive activity, is misdirected in these small countries. It is not productive activity, but rent entitlements, which must be sustained and reproduced over time. Aid, philately, and migrant remittances are not merely supplements to local incomes; they are the foundations of the modern economy. Insofar as conventional “development projects” crowd out aid and remittance entitlements, their impact is immiserizing. Criticism is offered of a recent argument for returning to sustainable subsistence economies.     

An appropriate development strategy for Southern Africa∗

The limited successes achieved with development in the Third World and the national states in Southern Africa have necessitated a considerable change in development thinking and practice. The conventional developmental approach, which is based on growth models, is inappropriate for the conditions in the LDCs. A new development approach, coupled with an appropriate development strategy, has culminated in the development literature.

In this article the poverty problem in Southern Africa is outlined as a general background, whereafter the new development approach and a few guidelines for an appropriate development strategy is discussed. The application of the new strategy in the circumstances of Southern Africa is highlighted.     

Renminbi internationalisation and China’s financial development

There is a widespread view that China’s currency can be used in international markets only after the liberalisation of China’s domestic financial markets and the opening of its capital account. Yet evidently the renminbi’s internationalisation is preceding these so-called preconditions. This article assesses the tensions inherent in renminbi internationalisation starting at a transitional period in China’s financial development. For now, effective capital controls allow the Chinese authorities to retain regulated deposit and lending rates, quantitative credit guidance and bond market rationing. Relaxation of the capital controls would put these policies at risk. Reserve requirements can be extended to bank inflows from the offshore market but only at a price.     

E-mentoring supporting female university managers＇ leadership development

Sharing international leadership experiences and professional development among female university managers in operational environments requiring new kinds of strategic leadership is a topical challenge e-mentoring can meet. This article examines perspectives of World Female University Presidents＇ Forum （China, 2009） participants on e-mentoring as support for female managers. No correlations between leadership profiles and mentoring needs were evident in this narrow sample, but responses indicated strategic business areas and support services emphasised in higher education management. The greatest mentoring need was in ＂Innovation work＂. One-to-one e-mentoring, peer mentoring and virtual mentoring communities interested respondents slightly more than group e-mentoring. Attitudes towards e-mentoring were positive, but unfamiliarity with virtual work methods and time issues were problematic in its application. An international e-mentoring programme＇s added value was acknowledged, but skilful management is essential for its successful integration into busy schedules. These results are used to outline the eMWL, e-mentoring promoting women leadership, model.     

Assessment of the tertiary industrial development in Henan

The 21^st century is a century of service economy. The proportion of the tertiary industry becomes an important criterion to evaluate the economic level of a country or a district. As a big province with the largest population, whether the tertiary industry in Henan can develop rapidly and profitably in the long run or not has direct influence on the problem of employment pressure. Besides, this industry plays a very important role in supporting the further development of the first and the second industry. In order to provide a reference for instructing the further development of economy in Henan, based on the information got from the first general inspection of Henan＇s economy, gives a brief analysis according to the condition of different occupations, different districts and different interest effects.     

Harmonious development between green marketing and high-tech product

The green marketing is a popular marketing method. It has some advantages and characters. It meets the mordent man＇s need in large part. If we combine the green marketing with the high-tech product, we will see the better development in the high technology area.     

The theory of the characteristic agriculture＇s development

The development of characteristic agriculture is the important way to adjust the agricultural structure and increase the farmer＇s income, and improve agricultural competitiveness. Scientific understanding of the basic characteristic agricultural content and features and grasping its basic ideas of development is the fundamentality to guide the economic development of agriculture. Based on the research of other scholars as a reference to agricultural development and based on the actual in Henan characteristic agriculture, we attempt to summarize the feature of the theory of agricultural development which can provide reference for the practices of characteristic agriculture.     

Agricultural development in industrialising Japan, 1880–1940

This study reviews research examining agricultural development in industrialising Japan. We focus on the (dys)functioning of markets for land, finance, labour and agricultural commodities. We cover topics including land (mis)allocation, size-productivity relationships, tenancy contract choice and Marshallian inefficiency, property rights, microfinance, shock-coping strategies, rural–urban migration and agricultural market integration. The literature reveals that market failures often observed in developing economies were not prominent, except for possibly labour markets. The literature also highlights the roles and administrative capacities of central and local governments. Tight local communities served to reduce transaction costs.     

Ciskei's business reforms in the context of regional development∗

In the May edition of Development Southern Africa (Vol 2, No 2), four papers discussed various aspects of the taxreforms in Ciskei. The general conclusion was that the steps would most probably not greatly assist Ciskei's economic development, in fact the opposite could be true: that the steps would harm the country's economic development

In this reply, Dr DHM Bridgman does not react to any of the papers in particular, but states the case for Ciskei: why the steps were taken and in what frame of reference; what Ciskei's expectations are, and why the previous situation could not continue.     

Study of Chinese iron and steel industry on continuous development

This paper analyzes the development status of Chinese iron ＆ steel industry, points out the problems that exist, and describes the development prospect of Chinese iron ＆ steel industry. It lists the reasons that we must choose the means of continuous development on the way to realize the change from an iron ＆ steel big country to an iron ＆ steel powerful country. Finally, some suggestions for the stable and healthy development of Chinese iron ＆ steel industry are put forward in the paper.     

Micro-credit initiatives for equitable and sustainable development: Who pays?

There is a growing acknowledgement that micro-credit programs have potential for equitable and sustainable development. However, my anthropological research on the micro-credit program of the Grameen Bank shows that bank workers are expected to increase disbursement of loans among their members and press for high recovery rates to earn profit necessary for economic viability of the institution. To ensure timely repayment in the loan centers bank workers and borrowing peers inflict an intense pressure on women clients. In the study community many borrowers maintain their regular payment schedules through a process of loan recycling that considerably increases the debt-liability on the individual households, increases tension and frustration among household members, produces new forms of dominance over women and increases violence in society.     

Rural development through industrial clustering： A case study from China

In recent years, as cluster theory evolves and more countries and regions implement industrial stimulation policies rooted in cluster theory, empirical research on industry clusters has likewise gained momentum. With the spread of clusters and regions instituting cluster policies, cluster formation has come to be seen as a promising tool for regional development. However, compared with industrial clusters in general, rural development clusters exhibit a higher level of diversity, namely in the purposes behind their formation, the parties that participate in or operate them, and the conditions in which they are formed. In terms of China, there is a considerable degree of diversity in clusters related to agriculture and rural communities depending on the particular sub-sector, the leaders of the sector, the socioeconomic conditions of the particular region, and other factors. For this reason, rather than the clusters themselves, in this research, we focused on cluster initiatives （CI）, i.e. the efforts to facilitate regional cluster growth and competitiveness. Firstly, we conducted a brief survey of previous studies of clusters. Secondly, we analyzed the effects of industrial clustering on rural economy in China econometrically. Thirdly, we examined the cases of vegetable cluster in Shanghai and the naturally colored cotton and hops cluster in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. By concluding the above-mentioned analysis, we finally explored the potential and outstanding issues for rural development using cluster initiatives models.     

The basic needs approach: A missing ingredient in development theory?

The poor record of conventional development theories in reducing poverty in developing countries may result from the neglect of certain preconditions that are necessary before the people of a developing country are receptive to conventional economic stimuli. The basic needs approach, in its various forms, focuses on some of these requirements through its emphasis on human development and the recognition that economic development does not take place in a social vacuum.

In this article a critical threshold of basic needs satisfaction is said to be a necessary, but not sufficient, precondition for economic development. Only if such a threshold has been achieved, will a population be receptive to those elements responsible for successful development in economically more‐advanced societies.     

Basic socio‐economic elements of a development theory for traditional societies

Notwithstanding the existence of various ‘development paradigms’, little has been done to analyse the fundamental economic determinants of development.

Most important is the basic functioning of supply and demand which, in the traditional society, is determined by religion, customs and rules, resulting in a limited choice and volume of consumption, as well as limited production.

Stimulation of the economy can according to community development principles, be brought about by an increase in demand (needs) to serve as motivation for increased production.

Higher production though, necessitates a change in traditional values and the development of abilities and skills. This is primarily the field of community development.     

China's economic development: does exchange rate and FDI nexus matter?

This study aims to investigate the relationship between China's exchange rate, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and economic development. We applied the bound testing approach on aggregate level data from 1981 to 2013. The results showed that the Chinese economy benefitted from a lower exchange rate over this period, and that there was a direct link between FDI inflows and economic development on an aggregate level both in the long and short run. The results of the Granger causality test identified a long‐ and short‐run association among these variables. The GMM estimations with dummies for financial crises and RMB exchange rate policy fluctuations also confirmed the growth enhancing impact of the exchange rate and FDI inflows. To promote sustainable economic development in the future, China should focus on improving the levels of domestic investment and human capital, as well as supervising the level of openness and capital controls.     

China’s inclusive development strategy and its effect on regional disparity

Abstract

In 2004, the Chinese Government declared an inclusive development strategy, ‘building a harmonious society’. This paper focuses on regional disparity issues and discusses three questions: (1) What are the background, goals and main tasks of China’s inclusive development strategy? (2) What changes have taken place in China’s regional development strategy under this inclusive development strategy? and (3) What is the recent impact of the regional development strategy on regional disparity in China? Our analysis’ results show that after the late 1970s, China’s regional disparity experienced three sub-periods: a period of decline from 1978 to the early 1990s, a period of increase from the early 1990s to the early 2000s and a period of significant decline after the early 2000s. If we divide China’s overall regional disparity into four components: disparity within the east, disparity within the centre, disparity within the west and disparity between the three regions, the first and the fourth dominated the changes of China’s regional disparity in the past three decades. After the early 2000s, both the reduction of disparity between the three regions and the reduction of disparity within the east have contributed to the significant reduction of China’s overall regional disparity. This result implies that under the China-style inclusive development strategy, the recent adjustment in regional development strategy has considerably reduced the regional disparity in this huge country. However, the recent high economic growth in the inland provinces is heavily dependent on a huge input of capital, which is driven by public investment and seems not to be sustainable. To achieve a more inclusive and sustainable development, the Chinese Government and policy-makers should pay more attention to the issues of the low growth of TFP (total factor productivity) and the low growth of labour input in less-developed provinces.