Gift exchange in the workplace

Certain altruistic phenomena in the workplace that exceed the bounds of contract theory can be explained within the framework of gift exchange theory. We discuss the application of gift exchange theory to interactions between an employer and an employee as well as between employees themselves. We emphasize the opportunities of gifts to improve coordination and contract efficiency in the workplace and argue that there exists the productive function of gifts. We use the framework of a market for externalities in order to demonstrate that given the inter-related activities of agents a gift exchange between them can lead to Pareto improvement.     

我国企业商标资产流失的法律防范

商标的主要功能是区分产品,在现代市场竞争中发挥着至关重要的作用。在商标市场参与市场竞争的局势下,企业要想在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟,必须采取相关法律措施强化企业商标管理。笔者结合多年工作经验,从我国企业商标资产流失的原因着手,对企业商标资产流失的法律防范措施做了简单介绍。     

LABOUR MARKET REGULATION: SOME COMPARATIVE LESSONS

Labour market regulation that undermines freedom of contract leads to fewer, higher productivity jobs with employment being across a narrower range of ages. More people are excluded from the labour market, in highly regulated countries and they remain unemployed for longer. This seems to be damaging to welfare. It is possible that the extent of regulation is explained by the relative ability of those who gain from regulation (those in work) to influence the outcome of political processes to a greater extent than those who lose (the unemployed). However, the legal framework and legal traditions may also play a part.     

Financial market equilibria with cumulative prospect theory

The paper first shows that financial market equilibria need not to exist if agents possess cumulative prospect theory preferences with piecewise-power value functions. This is due to the boundary behavior of the cumulative prospect theory value function, which might cause an infinite short-selling problem. But even when a non-negativity constraint on final wealth is added, non-existence can occur due to the non-convexity of CPT preferences, which might cause discontinuities in the agents’ demand functions. This latter observation also implies that concavification arguments which has been used in portfolio allocation problems with CPT preferences do not apply to our general equilibrium setting with finite many agents. Existence of equilibria is established when non-negativity constraints on final wealth are imposed and there is a continuum of agents in the market. However, if the original prospect theory is used instead of cumulative prospect theory, then other discontinuity problems can cause non-existence of market equilibria even in this case.     

Subterranean Commodification: Informal Housing and the Legalization of Basement Suites in Vancouver from 1928 to 2009

This article draws on Margaret Radin's theorization of ‘contested commodities' to explore the process whereby informal housing becomes formalized while also being shaped by legal regulation. In seeking to move once‐informal housing into the domain of official legality, cities can seldom rely on a simple legal framework of private‐law principles of property and contract. Instead, they face complex trade‐offs between providing basic needs and affordability and meeting public‐law norms around living standards, traditional neighbourhood feel and the environment. This article highlights these issues through an examination of the uneven process of legal formalization of basement apartments in Vancouver, Canada. We chose a lengthy period—from 1928 to 2009—to explore how basement apartments became a vital source of housing often at odds with city planning that has long favoured a low‐density residential built form. We suggest that Radin's theoretical account makes it possible to link legalization and official market construction with two questions: whether to permit commodification and how to permit commodification. Real‐world commodification processes—including legal sanction—reflect hybridization, pragmatic decision making and regulatory compromise. The resolution of questions concerning how to legalize commodification are also intertwined with processes of market expansion.     

论我国商业银行市场退出的法律完善

我国金融机构市场退出的风险突出表现在商业银行上。本文通过比较国内外商业银行市场退出法律制度现状,发现我国商业银行市场退出法律制度尚存在诸多的不足,并就此提出了相应的合理建议,进而完善商业银行市场退出监管法律体系。     

注册会计师行业低价揽业行为的实证研究

本文通过实证研究发现,我国注册会计师行业明显存在首次低价揽业行为,其原因主要是审计市场的集中度小、市场结构不合理、投资者诉讼机制的缺位等,造成会计师事务所对于审计风险的漠视。应通过构建寡占型的审计市场结构,完善法律诉讼机制、加大对事务所违规的监管力度,以实现审计市场有效竞争、规范低价揽业行为的发生。     

Water Rights Markets: Social and Legal Considerations

A bstract . Complete reliance on water rights markets for an efficient allocation fails to recognize the impact of currently existing social externalities and legal uncertainties. Specifically, it is possible that water may have a "community value" which may not be captured in the market price of a water right , there by precluding an efficient market solution. Also, there are uncertainties related to the legal/institutional process currently governing the use of western water which have the same implications for the standard notion of economic efficiency. These result primarily from inconsistencies in the application of certain legal principles , and the incomplete definition and assignment of ownership rights to the use of water.     

我国债券市场现状、问题及对策浅析

债券市场在证券市场中处于一个举轻重的地位,证券市场是不是能够繁荣发展,标识着整个国家金融市场的兴衰成败。这些年,我国债券市场发展十分迅速,实际上,我国债券市场的发行规模还比较小,市场内部不统一,在管理上也不统一,法律制度、交易方式、市场监管等方面发展的也不够完善,这些都不能使我国资本市场健康地向前发展,甚至会阻碍我国经济的可持续发展。所以,不断推进债券市场的繁荣,不仅有利于金融市场体系的完善,而且能够更好的保持金融市场的可持续发展。     

互联网支付发展与金融风险防范——基于支付经济学视角的研究

基于支付经济学的视角,从互联网支付系统、商业银行互联网支付、第三方互联网支付和非法定数字货币四条传导路径,研究了互联网支付发展与金融风险防范之间的关系。基于指数构建的两阶段实证结果表明,互联网支付对金融风险具有显著的正向效应,且不同传导路径间存在差异性。互联网支付在为金融市场和实体经济服务的同时,客观上也产生了相应的金融风险,并为金融风险传播提供了通道。为更好地防范金融风险,应优化支付结算机制设计、建立应对系统故障和流行病冲击等的压力测试框架,以及加强对非法定数字货币的金融风险监管。     

SIX ISSUES IN PHARMACEUTICALS

This article examines six key issues facing the pharmaceuticals industry that concern the appropriateness and effectiveness of markets, quasi-markets and regulatory intervention in the sector. The article shows the prevalence of confused thinking in this area, both on the part of lobbyists for the industry and their opponents. It is contended that allowing market forces to operate within a legal or regulatory framework that protects intellectual property rights, promotes innovation and facilitates price competition will produce more socially beneficial outcomes than direct state intervention in the market.     

Economic Freedom and Women's Emancipation in the MENA Region

The position of women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is a complex topic, difficult to comprehend without allowing for socio‐cultural norms, legal frameworks and the global gender context. In thinking about a practical framework for action, the free market perspective is relevant and necessary. However, this alone does not seem to provide a complete answer to the problem of promoting women's economic status. This article makes the case for the importance of market‐friendly, but also gender‐sensitive, policies to promote women's economic freedom and hence women's emancipation in the MENA region.     

中国入世后建筑业发展的对策研究

中国建筑业与发达国家建筑业在体制、法制、机制、产业结构、技术水平及市场竞争力等方面存在着较大差距,缩短这些差距的重要途径就是与国际接轨。本文根据世贸组织（ＷＴＯ）关于“全球贸易自由化”的宗旨,结合中国建筑业的现状提出了提高中国建筑业整体水平的八点对策。特别指出,只有按市场经济规律办事和进行企业创新才能不断增强中国建筑业的国际竞争能力。     

Risk spillovers and hedge strategies between global crude oil markets and stock markets: Do regime switching processes combining long memory and asymmetry matter?

This paper investigates risk spillovers and hedge strategies between global crude oil markets and stock markets. In the paper, we propose a multivariate long memory and asymmetry GARCH framework that integrates state-dependent regime switching in the mean process with multivariate long memory and asymmetry GARCH in the variance process. Our results first show that there are linear risk spillovers running from the US stock markets to the WTI oil market in the short term. However, the linear risk spillover effect running from the oil market to the US stock market can only exist in the long term. In addition, there is a bidirectional linear risk spillover effect between the European stock markets and the Brent oil market in the short and long terms. Furthermore, there is no linear risk spillover effect between the Dubai oil market and the Chinese stock market. Second, the nonlinear risk spillovers running from the WTI oil market to the US stock market can be found in the tranquil regime. Moreover, there is also a nonlinear risk spillover effect running from the European stock markets to the Brent oil market in the tranquil regime. In addition, the nonlinear risk spillover effect running from the Brent oil markets to the European stock market can be found in the crisis regime. Furthermore, there is bidirectional nonlinear Granger causality between the Dubai crude oil market and the Chinese stock market in the tranquil regime. Finally, dynamic hedge effectiveness shows that the regime switching process combined with long memory and asymmetry behavior seems to be a plausible and feasible way to conduct hedge strategies between the global crude oil markets and stock markets.     

Legal rights,information sharing,and private credit: New cross-country evidence

Using improved measures and recent data from Doing Business, this paper reexamines the effects of legal systems and information-sharing on private credit. The results indicate that stronger legal rights, better contract enforceability and better information sharing are associated with higher private credit to GDP ratios across countries. These effects are significant even when the sample is restricted to include either developing countries only or poor countries only, but the effects of both legal rights and enforcement are stronger the richer the countries. Still, there is no evidence of substitution patterns among credit market institutions in poor countries. Overall, this paper may be viewed as enhancing the robustness as well as the generalizability of earlier evidence aimed at establishing a link between legal and information-sharing institutions on one hand, and the size of credit market on other hand.     

Why do firms cross-list? International evidence from the US market

Using a modified international asset-pricing model we find strong evidence that publicly quoted firms cross-list when exhibiting strong performance in their domestic market and wish to take advantage of this situation. After cross-listing, this advantage disappears. Our sample consists of daily data for 1165 firms from 47 countries that have cross-listed on the US equity markets over the period 1976–2007. Within the context of this model we provide tests of the validity of the main hypotheses of capital market segmentation and investor protection, which provide explanations for equity cross-listing and investigate whether the nature of the market (regulated or unregulated) and the accompanying legal framework (common or civil law) can account for the impact of cross-listing on returns. Supporting the segmentation hypothesis, we report a decrease in local market risk after cross-listing. However, we find that the magnitude of such a decrease is diminishing over time as international markets become more integrated. On the other hand, we do not find any change in the global market risk after cross-listing, except for firms that cross-listed between 2001 and 2007, where their exposure to international market risk decreases. Furthermore, we find no evidence to support the investor protection hypothesis.     

Public–private partnership—Development of long-term relationships in public procurement in Germany

Hybrid partnerships are well established in the private sector combining market efficiency with the possibility of hierarchical steering mechanisms. By implementing Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs), public authorities seek to benefit from cooperation with specialised suppliers. However, many complex factors, including legal regulations, have to be considered in relation to outsourcing activities in the public sector. The decision on public–private cooperation is not driven only by economic principles. This paper deals with the economic and legal decision process of PPPs. The theoretical and legal framework is then applied and illustrated through a case study of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V./DLR).     

基于市场经济的诚信机制的构建路径探析

诚信的本质是一种诚实守信的道德观。市场经济的自发性和趋利性将导致非诚信行为产生,而市场运行的平等性又会促进诚信机制的完善。我国当前经济领域存在较严重的诚信缺失状况,其成因非常复杂,主要有体制不完善、政府职能缺位、信用管理制度和法律不健全、失信惩罚力度小等。必须通过建立有效的博弈规则,提高市场组织化程度,加强公民道德修养,强化法制建设等路径构建起有效的社会主义市场经济诚信机制。     

事务所转制效果存在差异吗？——原因与后果

借助理论模型将会计师事务所转制对审计质量及审计收费的影响纳入一个整合的分析框架,推导出影响转制效果的关键因素：除审计师法律责任的增加程度以外,客户经营风险以及转制前审计质量水平也同样影响审计质量及审计收费的提高。基于2007—2015年中国A股上市公司数据,在控制了客户经营风险之后进行实证研究,结果表明审计质量及审计收费的提升确实在初始审计质量较低的中小型事务所样本中更加显著。进一步研究发现,在事务所转制的过程中及完成后,更多的审计客户从中小型事务所转换为前十大事务所,且这种客户流动趋势在异常审计收费较高的样本中更加显著。     

Outsourcing business services and the role of central administrative offices

In this paper, I study whether there is any evidence that the market scale surrounding a central administrative office (CAO) has any relation to a firm's cost-effectiveness in procuring business services. By linking plant-level data from the 1992 Annual Survey of Manufactures with CAO information from the Survey of Auxiliary Establishments, I examine manufacturing plants' practice of outsourcing services in relation to the size of the local service market surrounding the plant and that surrounding the plant's CAO. I found evidence which suggests that the greater the size of local market surrounding a CAO, the higher the plant's probability of relying on the CAO for outsourcing advertising, bookkeeping and accounting, and legal services.