林西县农村饮水安全工程浅析

通过对近年来林西县农村饮水安全工程建设现状及管理情况的例举、总结与分析,提出农村饮水安全问题在规划、施工及管理等各个环节中存在的优点与问题,并结合实际情况提出了一些建议,以期为林西县整个地区的稳定、健康发展提供理论参考。     

Environmental justice and enforcement of the safe drinking water act: The Arizona arsenic experience

Environmental justice is concerned with the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. A wide variety of empirical studies have concluded that disparate-impact discrimination does in fact exist since minority and low-income communities are at disproportionate risk for environmental harm. In this paper we examine these issues in the context of enforcing the safe drinking water act (SDWA). Specifically, we focus on the association between race, income, and hazardous levels of arsenic concentration and analyze the broad equity implications of implementing the new arsenic regulation by examining the relationship between community-level exposure to arsenic and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the population in Arizona. The results provide no support for the contention that continued selective implementation and enforcement of the revised SDWA arsenic standard is likely to disadvantage minority or low-income groups disproportionately in Arizona.     

Contingent valuation in Korean environmental planning: A pilot application to the protection of drinking water quality in Seoul

This paper describes the application of the contingent valuation (CV) or willingness to pay (WTP) survey technique to a problem of public policy evaluation in Seoul, Korea. Matters of principal interest include: the definition of the problem and policy — protection of Seoul's drinking water supply from disruption by slugs of contaminants in the source river (the Han); adjustments to standard CV techniques and assumptions required by the cultural and physical reality of Seoul; the representativeness of the spatially-drawn sample; estimation of the willingness to pay equation as a check on theoretical validity; and the policy implications of the results. The bottom line is asserted to be that CV may be especially valuable in countries such as Korea that have serious environmental problems and a history of not producing data that might be used in alternative (indirect) benefit estimation exercises. Further, it appears that if care is exercised in adjusting to local reality, the method can be made as successful as it has been in the U.S. and northern Europe.Assoc. Res. Fellow, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, Seoul, Korea; and Professor of Economics and of Public Policy, Vanderbilt University, respectively. The authors gratefully acknowledge the advice and assistance of their colleagues, Professors Georgine Pion and Junsoo Lee; and the financial support of the Korean Environmental Protection Agency. The usual disclaimer, of course, applies.     

浅析雨水回用技术的应用与发展

从雨水的的特点性质入手,着重介绍了雨水的收集处理与利用。同时提出了城市公共市政用水节水的主要措施,并提出了今后研究的方向和重点。     

浅析雨水回用技术的应用与发展

从雨水的的特点性质入手,着重介绍了雨水的收集处理与利用.同时提出了城市公共市政用水节水的主要措施,并提出了今后研究的方向和重点.     

“修耕植，蓄军资”——曹魏财政建设基本方针述论

曹魏政权的财源主要依赖黄河中下游经济区的农业种植经济 ,汉末以来该地区农业经济遭受严重破坏 ,亟待恢复 ;而曹魏以武立国 ,军粮供给为财政收支的核心问题。这种财政经济背景决定了曹魏确立并长期奉行“修耕植 ,蓄军资”作为财政建设的基本方针。在这一基本方针的指导下 ,曹魏采取有力措施恢复和发展官营与民营的农业种植经济 ,通过分配屯田收益及向自耕农征收租调 ,逐步获得稳定的粮食收入 ,有效地保障军粮供给 ,改善财政状况 ,实现其统一北方并积蓄国力准备统一中国的战略目标。与此同时 ,曹魏统治集团提倡节俭之风 ,也有利于这一财政建设基本方针能较长期地被贯彻执行。     

The impact of piped water provision on infant mortality in Brazil: A quantile panel data approach

We examine the impact of piped water on the under-1 infant mortality rate (IMR) in Brazil using a recently developed econometric procedure for the estimation of quantile treatment effects with panel data. The provision of piped water in Brazil is highly correlated with other observable and unobservable determinants of IMR — the latter leading to an important source of bias. Instruments for piped water provision are not readily available, and fixed effects to control for time-invariant correlated unobservables are invalid in the simple quantile regression framework. Using the quantile panel data procedure in Chen and Khan [Chen, S., Khan, S., Semiparametric estimation of non-stationary censored panel model data models with time-varying factor. Econometric Theory 2007; forthcoming], our estimates indicate that the provision of piped water reduces infant mortality by significantly more at the higher conditional quantiles of the IMR distribution than at the lower conditional quantiles (except for cases of extreme underdevelopment). These results imply that targeting piped water intervention toward areas in the upper quantiles of the conditional IMR distribution, when accompanied by other basic public health inputs, can achieve significantly greater reductions in infant mortality.     

Impact of irrigation water quality on human health: A case study in India

Untreated or partially treated wastewater, which is a negative externality of urban water use, is widely used for irrigation in water scarce regions in several countries including India. While the nutrients contained in the wastewater is considered as beneficial to agriculture, the contaminants present in it pose environmental and health risks. This paper examines the morbidity status, its determinants as well as the cost of illness for households living in the areas irrigated with wastewater in comparison with those using normal quality water. Primary data collected from six villages irrigated with wastewater along Musi River which is fed with wastewater and one control village where normal quality water is used for irrigation has been used for the analysis.It is seen that higher rates of morbidity exist in the wastewater irrigated villages when compared to the control village. Specifically, adult and female morbidity rates are significantly higher than child and male morbidity rates. From the logit analysis it is seen that exposure to wastewater and engagement in activities based on it places the households in higher risk groups to report morbidity. Small and marginal farmers incur higher economic cost of illness. However, it has been difficult to ascertain the cause and effect relationship as most of the households have reported more common illnesses like fever, head ache, skin itching, stomach ailments, etc. The study points out the need for a comprehensive risk assessment and adoption of risk management measures including setting standards for treatment and discharge of wastewater and regulations on the type of uses etc. to prevent unplanned use of untreated or partially treated wastewater while taking into account local conditions.     

State abortion policy and infant health: A simulation model of the impact of hypothetical patterns of state laws proscribing abortion services

Prior research suggests that the availability of abortion services may affect the proportion of observed births with poor outcomes (e.g., low birth weight). Recent Supreme Court decisions and changes in the composition of elected officials of state governments have increased the saliency of state discretion over abortion related policies. This paper presents results from a simulation model of the effects of hypothetical state laws prohibiting abortion on observed measures of infant health in the states regarded as most likely to adopt laws significantly restricting abortion access. Under several model scenarios, both the incidence of low birthweight infants and neonatal mortality among blacks are predicted to increase substantially in states adopting restrictive abortion laws. The predicted impact among whites, however, is relatively small. Helpful comments on previous drafts were provided by Janet Bronstein, Jacob Klerman, and Michael Morrisey. Aaron Stinnett provided excellent research assistance. This research was funded in part by a grant from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (R01-HS06685). The authors are responsible for the views expressed.     

State abortion policy and infant health: A simulation model of the impact of hypothetical patterns of state laws proscribing abortion services

Prior research suggests that the availability of abortion services may affect the proportion of observed births with poor outcomes (e.g., low birth weight). Recent Supreme Court decisions and changes in the composition of elected officials of state governments have increased the saliency of state discretion over abortion related policies. This paper presents results from a simulation model of the effects of hypothetical state laws prohibiting abortion on observed measures of infant health in the states regarded as most likely to adopt laws significantly restricting abortion access. Under several model scenarios, both the incidence of low birthweight infants and neonatal mortality among blacks are predicted to increase substantially in states adopting restrictive abortion laws. The predicted impact among whites, however, is relatively small.     

“民间执业，全以契券为凭”质疑

"民间执业,全以契券为凭",这句话有一定道理,但并非绝对正确.明清时期,判断田宅所有权的标准除了契券以外,还有户帖或土地执照、黄册或土地册籍、粮串、买卖田宅时的中人或其他签押人甚至地邻、佃户的证明.就契券来说,也必须是无瑕疵的契书.民间和官方通常通过多种证据证明田宅的归属.明清时期,田宅的归属大致是明晰的,田宅的流转基本上是安全的.     

Convergence in per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in the OECD countries

Our analysis of 19 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1972 to 2006 provides evidence of convergence in per capita health care expenditures for 17 countries, while the US and (to a lesser degree) Norway follow a different path. A simple decomposition of per capita health expenditures reveals that the divergence of the US comes from the divergence of the ‘ratio of health care expenditures to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)’ component, while Norway's divergence is mainly caused by the ‘labour productivity’ component. Interestingly, our results suggest that convergence in per capita health expenditures among the 17 OECD countries does not lead to convergence in health outcomes. Finally, we extend our analysis to examine convergence in various determinants of health expenditures.     

On the determinants of infant mortality in underdeveloped countries

The author attempts to identify the determinants of infant mortality in developing countries and, in particular, to overcome some of the deficiencies of a previous study by G. B. Rodgers. The roles of income and inequality as determinants of infant mortality are first examined. Next, consideration is given to the effects of education and medical care. A selection of regression results is then presented. The results provide some evidence as to why infant mortality rates, which fell rapidly in the two decades following World War II, stabilized in the late 1960s and 1970s. They also suggest that developing countries that place low priority on improving women's education and on attaining a more egalitarian distribution of incomes are unlikely to achieve a rapid reduction in their infant mortality rates.     

Economic and other determinants of infant and child mortality in small developing countries: the case of Central America and the Caribbean

Inter-country differences in infant and child mortality are explained by looking at demographic, economic, health and educational factors. A model is presented in which the infant mortality rate, the child mortality rate, and the birth rate are endogenous. The model is tested using cross-national multiple regression analysis and simulations. The presence of simultaneity is confirmed. Introducing non-economic factors transforms the character of the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables, from a 'diminishing returns' to an 'increasing returns' one. The role played by public expenditure in education, vaccination coverage, low birth weight, female schooling, number of nurses, access to safe water, or malnutrition can be assessed, as well as that played by 'structural adjustment' variables such as the inflation rate or the external debt to GNP ratio. Infant and child mortality can be diminished everywhere in the region with relatively small amounts of expenditure. Disappointing outcomes in some countries obey political rather than economic problems. It would be a mistake to blame the debt crisis.     

Forest and water: The value of native temperate forests in supplying water for human consumption: A comment

In a recent paper in this journal Nuñez et al. [Nuñez, D., L. Nahuelhual, and C. Oyarzun, 2005. Forest and water: the value of native temperate forests in supplying water for human consumption. Ecological Economics 58: 606-616] presented a model to estimate the economic value of Chilean temperate forests in their function to contribute to maintain fresh water supply. We discuss and correct the estimated values of ecosystem services per household and per hectare.     

Genomics and proteomics: the next generation of health care

Biotechnology research will dramatically impact health care, and the pharmaceutical industry in particular, in the coming decade. Health outcomes may be improved in a cost-effective manner through the ability to selectively prescribe medications; safer, more effective treatment may reduce long-term health care costs. As genetic testing becomes the standard of care, new challenges will surface around how genetic information will be used or misused, and how and where health care dollars are spent.     

Complementarity between water pricing, water rights and local water governance: A Bayesian analysis of choice behaviour of farmers in the Krishna river basin, India

To ensure efficient water allocation and use, policy designers have adopted various strategies, including price setting, decentralising irrigation water management or improving water rights. Most of these strategies have been applied individually, without considering the complementary relationships between them. This paper uses a discrete choice model to analyse the scope for combinations of tools for irrigation water demand management and farmers' acceptance of these. In terms of local irrigation water governance, the presence or absence of collective irrigation water management, in the form of a Water Users Association, is considered. Water rights are specified in terms of the duration and quality of the entitlement and its transferability. Finally, four types of water pricing methods (area, crop, block and volumetric pricing) are considered. Using a choice experiment, we elicit the most preferred water pricing method, under different water rights situations, at different price levels and under various contexts for local irrigation water governance. Our results indicated that under conditions of improved water rights, preference for volumetric pricing increases, whilst the presence of a Water Users Association reduces this preference. Furthermore, it was found that using an appropriate combination of water demand management tools considerably increases the willingness to pay for a change in scenario.