辽源市社会系统的脆弱性及其规避措施

脆弱性理论是研究人地耦合系统脆弱性的重要理论工具。将脆弱性应用于矿业城市社会系统研究中,提出矿业城市社会系统脆弱性内涵。以吉林省辽源市为例,分析辽源市社会系统脆弱性特征和影响因素,选取1990-2007年共18个评价样本,对辽源市社会系统敏感性、恢复力、脆弱性进行评价分析,结果表明:辽源市社会系统的敏感性缓慢下降,恢复力增长较快,系统脆弱性不断下降。最后,根据社会系统脆弱性、敏感性、恢复力的时序演化过程,提出辽源市社会系统脆弱性的规避措施。     

常州市城市空间数据基础设施建设

在分析数据库系统内部功能、确定功能和数据之间的关联以及进行各种数据的组织的基础上,阐述了常州市数字城市空间数据基础设施(CSDI)建设的总体设计思想,介绍了作为核心部分的基础空间数据库的结构设计。然后结合常州市近年来CSDI基础数据库建设和应用的成果,分析了常州市CSDI空间数据的特点,并指出目前常州CSDI建设中存在的不足与今后的发展方向。     

发达地区与欠发达地区旅游社会承载力比较

从地方经济发达程度的角度,通过对广州、深圳、肇庆、惠州、泉州、张家界等8个旅游城市的调查统计,分析发达地区和相对欠发达地区旅游社会承载力的差异与共性,从而为西部地区和沿海地区的旅游社会管理提供参考.重点解决了不同发达程度城市居民感知度的异同比较和不同发达程度城市不同社会利益群体稳定性比较的问题.最后根据3组不同发达程度的城市居民感知数据,建立了一个关于旅游城市社会承载力的居民感知预警模型.     

THE SIGNIFICANCE AND USE OF LONG-RANGE ACTUARIAL COST ESTIMATES FOR THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM

This paper describes the methodology underlying the actuarial cost estimates for the Social Security program and the assumptions needed therefor. With this as a background, the use to which these estimates is made in developing legislation is described, with emphasis on the current financing problems. Finally, various possible solutions to these problems are discussed. These solutions involve either increasing the income of the program or decreasing the rate of growth of its outgo. Increased income could be derived by increasing the payroll tax rates, by injecting general revenues (either directly or indirectly, such as taxing Social Security benefits and putting the proceeds in the trust funds or financing part of all of the Hospital Insurance program from general revenues and moving some of its payroll tax rate to the cash-benefits program), or by covering government employees who are not now covered. The growth of outgo could be reduced by changes in the cost-of-living adjustments of benefits, by gradually increasing the normal retirement age, or by gradually decreasing the relative benefit level     

银川市20世纪90年代城市住区发展及其优化对策

通过分析银川市20世纪90年代城市住区居民住房,住区基础设施和公共服务业设施、住区环境等城市住区特征及与全国668个设市城市平均水平的比较,指出银川市城市住区虽有较大改善,但仍不能满足现代人居环境的基本要求。为达到可持续的人居目标,文章提出了创建一种人文的,高技的与自然和谐共生的,反映银川市城市独特风貌和城市文化的城市住区发展模式及其优化对策。     

SCREENING FOMC MEMBERS FOR THEIR BIASES AND DEPENDABILITY

This paper develops conjectures regarding the process by which the President as a principal selects Federal Reserve Governors and Bank Presidents as his agents on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It first establishes that FOMC members can be grouped into sets which are marked by ease and tightness biases in voting behavior. It then identifies certain career characteristics of FOMC members which are correlated with each of these biases. The paper goes on to isolate reliable partisan subsets within the ease and tightness sets and identifies a career characteristic which is highly correlated with membership in these subsets; that characteristic is a career as an economist.     

中国社会科学院金融法律与金融监管研究基地

中国社会科学院金融法律与金融监管研究基地是由中国社会科学院批准设立的院级非实体性研究单位。专门从事金融法律、金融监管及金融政策等领域的重要理论和实务问题研究。     

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND THE SOCIAL COST OF SMOKING

A widely prevailing assumption is that taxing and regulating smoking are justified on efficiency grounds since smokers impose a significant cost on others. Supposedly, the same economic analysis that has been used to justify taxing and regulating environmental pollution also applies to smoking. But two serious problems undermine the efficiency argument for taxation and regulation to internalize the cost of smoking. First, the largest external cost that smoking supposedly generates does not exist. Second, even if smoking does generate an external cost in the form of environmental tobacco smoke, one cannot justify either taxing or regulating smoking when one properly applies the principles of environmental economics.     

广州市个体私营经济空间分布特征

详细分析了广州市个体私营经济发展背景及概况,采取指标分析法,得出各区个体私营经济专业化程度的城市核心边缘区指向性;个体私营经济密度分布的城市核心指向性;以及个体私营经济就业比重及户均人数的城市外围地区的指向性等空间分布特征。并从个体私营经济发展的历史、动力机制以及不同类型企业生产运作及空间需求等几个方面予以详尽的解析。     

HETEROGENEITY IN WILLINGNESS‐TO‐PAY FOR THEATRE PRODUCTIONS: INDIVIDUAL SPECIFIC WILLINGNESS‐TO‐PAY ESTIMATES FOR THEATRES,SHOWS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES

This paper investigates people's preferences for live theatre, and heterogeneity in willingness‐to‐pay (WTP). A stated preference discrete choice model estimates utility and WTP for different attributes of theatre productions. Previous studies assumed fixed coefficients across all theatre‐goers. This study allows coefficients of attributes to vary across individuals in the population, providing information on the heterogeneity of tastes. Theatre‐goers' choices are used to estimate individual‐based parameters for a person's tastes in theatre productions. The analysis reveals the heterogeneity of tastes for different types of plays and ticket price; and the significance of ‘reviews’ by critics and ‘word of mouth’ opinions as important variables determining choice.     

重新审视中国粮食生产条件和结构的变化趋势

中国粮食生产条件变化趋势的有利方面表现在需求压力增大,市场前景看好;激励机制日臻完善,种粮积极性得以恢复;粮食增长的资源潜力尚可挖掘,技术潜力不可低估,不利方面表现在人均耕地递减,后备资源不足;灌溉用水日益短缺,环境恶化,生态失衡。加入世界贸易组织之后,粮食生产受到的冲击会加大。粮食生产结构的变化趋势在其组成结构上表现为谷物的绝对优势地位不会变,薯类和豆类比重略有上升;粗粮经得上升,细粮比重下降,     

RISK AVERSION AND FIELD OF STUDY CHOICE: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL ABILITY

Does the choice of field of study depend on individual risk aversion? The direction of the relationship between individual risk attitudes and type of university degree chosen is potentially ambiguous. On the one hand, risk averse individuals may prefer degree courses which allow high returns in the labour market; on the other hand, if these degrees expose students to a higher probability of dropping out, those who are more risk averse may be induced to choose less challenging fields. Using data from a sample of students enrolled at a middle‐sized Italian public university in 2009, we find that, controlling for a large number of individual characteristics, more risk averse students are more likely to choose any other field (Humanities, Engineering, and Sciences) rather than Social Sciences. We interpret this result bearing in mind that some of these fields, such as Humanities, involve a reduction in the risk of dropping out, while others (such as Engineering and Sciences) involve a lower risk in the labour market. It also emerges that the effect of risk aversion on degree choice is related to student ability. Risk averse students characterized by high abilities tend to prefer Engineering, while the propensity of risk averse students to enrol in Humanities decreases when ability increases, suggesting that the attention paid to labour market risks and drop‐out risk varies according to student skills.     

COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL OF HOSPITALS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS

Despite many proposals to encourage health-care competition, some underlying assumptions about providers—both physicians and hospitals—have not been examined. This paper attempts to measure the potential for hospital competition by asking a very simple question: What proportion of United States hospitals have neighboring hospitals within reasonable commuting distance? Distances between short-term general hospitals can be calculated by using geographic coordinates for their addresses. According to data from 48 states and 6,520 hospitals, 47 percent of hospitals have no neighbors within 5 miles, and 77 percent have fewer than five neighbors within 5 miles. At a 15-mile radius, the numbers drop to 23 percent and 62 percent, respectively. These results imply that the potential for competitive hospital markets might not exist in large portions of the country. National strategies are likely to be most effective in the few dense hospital markets located primarily in the Northeast and Pacific states.     

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INVESTMENT AND SOCIAL OBJECTIVES: AN EXAMINATION ON SOCIAL WELFARE INVESTMENT OF CHINESE STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES

We apply the theory of corporate social responsibility to analyse social welfare investment undertaken by Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). We present a simple theoretical model to illustrate how the presence of social objectives in the firm's objective function changes its investment behaviour. Our theoretical model accommodates special features of Chinese SOEs, whose social welfare investment is driven by both social objectives and profit concerns. The model is then tested using a panel of Chinese enterprises during the period 1995–1999. The empirical analysis indicates that despite of the corporatization reform social welfare investment undertaken by Chinese SOEs is still inefficient due to the lack of profit concerns, suggesting that social objectives still dominate profit concerns in motivating the SOEs' social welfare investment. However, we do obtain clear-cut evidence showing that social objectives become less important as time progresses.