Urban Pollution,Unemployment and National Welfare in a Dualistic Economy

This paper undertakes a comparative static analysis in the Harris–Todaro (H–T) model by accommodating local pollution. Unlike in the classical H–T model where migration proceeds in response to urban–rural differences in expected earnings, we consider labor movement taking place according to the difference in utility, which is influenced by the quality of the local environment. The paradoxical result is that an improvement in pollution‐abatement technology gives rise to an increase in urban unemployment and has no effect on the workers' aggregate welfare.     

Macroeconomic Policy and Ownership Structure in a Mixed Transition Economy

Both state and non-state sectors have important roles in the Chinese economy. A dynamic model to analyze capital accumulation in state and non-state sectors is constructed and the fiscal and monetary policy requirements for the coexistence of a state sector and a non-state sector are derived. Our findings suggest that the effects of fiscal and monetary policies on ownership structure depend on which government subsidization policy is implemented. The results indicate that lowering tax rates and tightening the money supply can speed up the transition pace, but these policies do not necessarily contribute to developing an economy with a greater share for the non-state sector.J. Comp. Econom., December 2000, 28(4), pp. 762–785. College of Economics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-Cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.     

Urban Unemployment, Factor Accumulation, and Welfare

This paper shows that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, economic expansion (factor accumulation) may be immiserizing in the mobile capital Harris-Todaro model if scarcity of land is introduced in agricultural production. The effect of factor accumulation on the level of unemployment is examined, and precise conditions for the expected response are derived.     

Terms of Trade and Welfare for a Developing Economy with an Imperfectly Competitive Sector

The effect of terms of trade on the welfare of a small open economy is analyzed. It exports a homogeneous good and imports some brands of a differentiated good. It also produces some brands of the differentiated good which are not traded. A terms-of-trade deterioration causes resources to move to the nontraded, import-competing sector. The economy's income rises and the price index for the differentiated good falls, resulting in higher welfare. This accords well with the experience of developing economies of East and Southeast Asia.     

Consequences of Environmental Tax Reform for Unemployment and Welfare

We investigate the welfare effects of environmental tax reform, i.e. raising environmental taxes and using the proceeds to reduce distortionary taxes on labour. The framework of analysis is a small open economy with involuntary unemployment due to a rigid consumer wage. Environmental tax reform boosts not only environmental quality but also employment if substitution between labour and resources is easy, the production share of the fixed factor is large, and the initial tax rates on resources and profits are small. If the initial tax system is sub-optimal with a negligible tax on resources, profits rise as well.     

发展地方性非公经济的相关税收问题研究——基于某市（州）非公有制经济与税收政策的调查分析

本文通过对我国西南边陲某市（州）非公经济发展情况的调查，分析了该市（州）非公经济发展的势头、前景以及影响该地区非公经济发展的税收制约因素。结果表明，国家税收政策和地方性税收政策在地方非公经济发展过程中存在着一些不合理的条款和问题，与此同时，我们也提出了若干具有可行性的改进意见。     

中国混合所有制经济的产权制度分析

建立现代产权制度是完善社会主义市场经济体制的核心。大力发展混合所有制经济,必须研究我国目前混合所有制经济的产权制度安排,进而从产权制度有效供给角度提出政策建议,推进中国混合所有制经济又好又快发展。     

International Borrowing, Specialization, and Unemployment in a Small Open Economy

The authors show that an increase in international borrowing increases specialization and unemployment in a small open economy that is subject to terms‐of‐trade risks. The economy has a production advantage in the export sector. However, the size of the export sector is limited by the available funds. To insure workers against income fluctuations arising from terms‐of‐trade risks, firms in the export sector offer workers a stable wage rate with the possibility of unemployment. An increase in international borrowing increases specialization in the export sector, which leads to higher unemployment when the terms‐of‐trade shock is bad. A state‐contingent price subsidy can reduce unemployment without inefficiently reducing specialization. The results are robust to the introduction of risk‐averse firms.     

Unemployment and Economic Integration for Developing Countries

While financial or trade integration between countries may increase the size of the market and aid the adoption of more advanced technologies, will it also increase the level of urban unemployment for a developing country? In this model, there is unemployment in the urban sector. Manufacturing firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Financial firms provide capital to manufacturing firms and they also engage in oligopolistic competition. We show that an increase in the wage rate in the manufacturing sector changes neither the level of technology nor the level of employment in the manufacturing sector. While financial or trade integration between developing countries leads manufacturing firms to adopt more advanced technologies, the level and rate of employment in the manufacturing sector will not deteriorate.     

混合所有制经济的理论阐释与发展路径选择

本文对混合所有制经济的性质、发展混合所有制经济的目的进行了阐释,尝试澄清目前对混合所有制经济的模糊认识。笔者认为,混合所有制经济在微观上是一种资本组织形式,并不是一种所有制形式,发展混合所有制经济的目的是发展生产力,发展混合所有制经济的意义在于实现公有制经济和非公经济相互取长补短、相互促进、共同发展。发展混合所有制经济应实行“四线并进”,重点是推进垄断行业改革。     

Foreign Aid,Wage Inequality,and Welfare for a Small Open Economy with Tourism

While the welfare effect of foreign aid has been extensively analyzed, the impact on the distribution of income has received less attention. At the same time, there has been recent work on tourism where it is complementary to aid in improving welfare. By combining these two strands, this paper concentrates on wage inequality in developing countries. We find that an increase in aid in the form of tied aid can lower the relative price of nontraded goods. The rent extracted from tourists declines, reducing welfare of domestic residents. In addition, the fall in the nontradable price can widen the wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Thus, increased foreign aid may have detrimental effects on national welfare and the distribution of income. Rising wage inequality is confirmed by numerical simulations.     

Export Bans, Environment, and Developing Country Welfare

Deforestation is a serious problem in several developing countries which are timber exporters. Export bans on logs, therefore, have been hailed by some as a welfare-improving policy relative to free trade. This paper explores the case for an export ban on an intermediate good whose production generates environmental damage. In this two-good model, a trade-off emerges between achieving the environmental target and raising national welfare. When environmental damage grows rapidly with output, an export ban is likely to raise welfare. However, it is also likely to lead to higher rates of harvesting than are sustainable.     

Corporate Tax Reductions,Cross‐Border Ownership and Welfare

In this paper, a three‐country model incorporating the cross‐border ownership of stock and international firm relocation is constructed. Using this model, the effects of a reduction in the corporate tax on welfare in all three countries is examined. The findings indicate that if the country undertaking the reduction is moderately rich, and one of the two remaining countries is rich while the other country is poor, the tax reduction not only brings about a positive effect on its own welfare, but also increases the welfare of the rich foreign country and lowers that of the poor foreign country.     

Imperfect Labor Mobility and Unemployment in a Dual Economy*

This paper examines the implications of imperfect labor mobility and unemployment in developing countries. We analyze the effects of wage subsidy policies, factor growth, and the change in labor mobility on unemployment and national income in an economy that is characterized by the existence of both imperfect labor mobility and urban unemployment.     

所有制、涓滴效应与共享发展:一个政治经济学分析

传统涓滴理论作为西方主流发展经济学的重要组成部分,源自西方社会报酬结构演进中对利益冲突的行为选择与思潮迭代。这一理论逻辑的根本缺陷在于其遮蔽了社会制度的内在蕴涵和社会结构的本质特征。将经济增长、收入分配和贫困三者关系置于社会生产关系的视域下考察:生产关系性质决定分配关系性质继而决定涓滴发展的实质,所有制是涓滴效应实现的核心机制。涓滴效应在不同经济体中阻滞或畅通实质上受所有制关系规定的“发展为了谁”的增长逻辑支配。“发展为了资本”和“发展为了人民”是两种截然不同的发展道路:前者从私有制出发,沿着自下而上的负向涓滴路径,必然导向两极分化;后者从公有制出发,沿着自上而下的正向涓滴路径,必将导向共同富裕。     

混合所有制与民营经济健康发展——基于企业违规视角的研究

从理论上看,国有股东参股民营企业既可能产生产业保护效应并激化内部治理矛盾而促进企业违规,也可能缓解资源约束并强化股权制衡而抑制企业违规。文章考察了民营企业混合所有制形式下,国有参股股东对民营企业违规的影响。研究发现,国有参股股东显著抑制了民营企业违规,缩短了违规后被查处的时间间隔,降低了违规倾向,提高了被稽查的概率。区分违规类型发现,这种抑制作用主要体现在信息披露违规、经营违规以及严重程度更高的违规行为中。区分国有参股股东属性发现,地方国有参股股东对民营企业违规具有更强的抑制效果。国有参股股东对民营企业违规的抑制路径包括监督治理民营企业双重代理问题和通过促进银行信贷、商业信用融资以及政府补贴为民营企业提供资源支持。结论表明,民营企业混合所有制建设并未降低正式制度的有效性,而是通过监督治理与资源支持促进了民营企业合法合规健康发展。本文从股权混合层面丰富了民营企业混合所有制建设经济后果的相关文献,尤其是挖掘了地方国有股东在民营企业混合所有制建设中的优势,为提升混合所有制改革效果,促进资本市场稳定发展提供了政策参考。     

International Outsourcing and Unemployment in a Minimum‐wage Economy

To explore the impact of international outsourcing on unemployment and social welfare, the conventional trade model is extended by including both economies of scale and a minimum‐wage constraint in the unskilled‐labor market. In the paper, the scale economies are linked with the production of the most skill‐intensive good. It is shown that within such a framework, there is a trade‐off between a more socially desirable endowment allocation and a greater level of employment. Therefore, even though outsourcing could raise aggregate employment, this benefit is at the cost of further exacerbating the resource misallocation. In this way, the extensions to the traditional framework explored in the paper generate new insights as to why outsourcing may cause a net welfare loss to the home country.     

关于市场经济、公有制和社会主义的几个问题

公有制是社会主义最根本的特征 ,在初级阶段必须坚持公有制的主体地位。社会主义市场经济是社会主义经济制度同市场经济体制的结合 ,其运行不仅要实现资源的有效配置 ,还要实现社会主义制度的要求。在社会主义市场经济中国有企业存在的依据与西方市场经济中国企存在的依据不尽相同。我国的国有经济不应从所有竞争性行业和领域完全退出。调整所有制结构 ,国有和公有经济比重下降是必需的 ,但也应是有边界的。不谈公有制的主体地位 ,把社会主义基本特征说成是“社会公正 +市场经济” ,笼统提“破除所有制崇拜” ,均不妥。在中国搞私有化 ,搞资本主义市场经济 ,是行不通的。