401(k)计划--最流行的企业补充养老保险形式

对美国最流行的企业补充养老保险--401(k)计划的运行机制、优缺点和设计模式做了详细的介绍和评述,指出了401(k)计划对中国养老保险制度改革的启示:虽然属于企业补充养老保险,但是"基金制"的运作模式势必要导入我们的养老保障系统.分析了401(k)计划在中国的适用性问题.     

美国401k计划对我国发展企业年金的启示

企业年金制度,是我国社会养老保险的补充,称为我国养老保险的第二支柱。中国版401k计划的实施,有利于完善第二支柱的建设。本文考察了美国的401k养老金计划,并将中国版401k与美国401k进行比较,指出401k计划对企业年金发展的借鉴方向。     

企业年金基金会计核算规范化的探讨

企业年金基金就是企业补充养老保险,它是在企业参加基本养老保险,并按规定履行缴费义务的基础上。根据现行法规自愿为本企业职工实施的一项补充性养老保险计划,它同基本养老保险和个人储蓄性养老保险共同构成了完整的养老金制度。新颁布的《企业会计准则——企业年金基金》对此作了具体会计规范。企业年金制度指企业及其职工在依法参加基本养老保险的基础上,自愿建立的补充养老保险制度。企业年金所需费用由企业和职工个人共同缴纳。企业年金基金由企业缴费、职工个人缴费和企业年金基金投资运营收益组成,实行完全积累。采用个人账户进行管理,类似于国际财务报告准则第26号养老金计划中的设定提存计划。     

美国企业年金会计及启示

企业年金，或称补充养老保险，是企业及其职工在依法参加基本养老保险的基础上，根据国家的有关政策自愿建立的补充养老保险制度。按照国际惯例，养老保险制度由三个层次构成，即基本养老保险、企业年金、个人储蓄性养老保险。一般来说，企业年金按给付方式不同可分为设定缴存计划企业年金和设定受益计划企业年金，不同的给付方式会计处理方法也就不同。     

浅议我国企业年金制度的现状、成因及发展

企业年金制度(补充养老保险制度)是相对于法定的社会基本养老保险而言,以企业(用人单位)为主体,在国家通过立法确定的统一体制和政策框架内,为职工建立的辅助性养老保险制度。对于由社会基本养老保险、企业补充养老保险和个人储蓄组成的“三支柱模式”的养老保障体系的国家来说     

我国企业年金基金投资风险及其控制

目前我国采用"多层次"的养老金计划,它由社会养老、企业补充养老以及个人储蓄养老组成。尽管经过多年的改革实践,企业补充养老保险(即企业年金)对国家经济发展和社会稳定起到了重要的保障作用,但是还没有真正成为养老保险制度的支柱。另外,由于越来越多的企业都实行了企业年金制,年金基金的风险控制关系到大多数人的切身利益,甚至是整个社会的稳定,如何在最小化风险的前提下最大化的利用企业年金是一个值得深入思考和研究的问题。     

发展企业年金的必要性——基于基本养老保险与补充养老保险关系的视角

从我国基本养老保险、补充养老保险(即指企业年金)相互关系的角度出发,借鉴国外养老保险体系和职业年金制度成熟国家的经验,结合我国目前养老保险的实际发展情况和人口老龄化的快速发展趋势,以及养老保险制度缺陷所造成的历史遗留问题,分析了我国发展补充养老保险,即发展企业年金制度的必要性。     

中国企业年金发展报告

一、企业年金的界定(一)企业年金的起源企业年金源自于自由市场经济比较发达的国家。最早的企业年金计划是美国运通公司于1875年建立的企业补充养老保险计划。经过一百多年的发展,企业年金已经成为发达国家养老保险体系中的一个重要支柱,其发展可以划分为三个阶段:     

发展企业年金的必要性——基于基本养老保险与补充养老保险关系的视角

从我国基本养老保险、补充养老保险(即指企业年金)相互关系的角度出发,借鉴国外养老保险体系和职业年金制度成熟国家的经验,结合我国目前养老保险的实际发展情况和人口老龄化的快速发展趋势,以及养老保险制度缺陷所造成的历史遗留问题,分析了我国发展补充养老保险,即发展企业年金制度的必要性.     

我国企业年金计划模式的比较与探讨

企业年金计划是一种补充式养老保险计划,是在基本养老保险的基础上,由企业的雇主为雇员开立账户缴纳的。本文首先介绍了企业年金计划的基本类型,然后重点对这两种基本计划类型进行对比分析,通过分析,得出了这两种计划各自的优势和劣势,为进一步探讨我国企业年金计划模式的建立提供参考。     

Saving for Retirement Without Harming Others

This article discusses moral issues raised by defined contribution retirement plans, specifically 401(k) plans in the United States. The primary aim is to defend the claim that the federal government ought to require 401(k) plans to include a range of socially responsible investment (SRI) options. The analysis begins with the minimal assumption that corporations engage in behavior that imposes morally impermissible harms on others with sufficient regularity to warrant attention. After motivating this assumption, I argue that individual investors typically share in the responsibility for the harms imposed by corporations in which they invest, and that they therefore have a moral obligation to incorporate considerations of social responsibility into their investment decisions, when possible, to avoid being complicit in morally impermissible corporate behavior. I further argue that individuals are subject to substantial institutional and structural pressures that create a powerful incentive to invest in 401(k) plans, even though such plans typically lack any SRI options. To eliminate this pressure to commit indirect harm in the process of saving for retirement, I recommend that the federal government requires 401(k) plans to incorporate a range of SRI options, and I defend this proposal from several possible objections.     

我国企业年金会计核算的精算估计

企业年金是企业在国家政策指导下,根据自身经济实力和经济状况,为本企业职工提供一定程度退休收入保障的制度,目的是达到吸引、留住和激励员工的效应。因此,在进行企业年金会计核算时必须对应该缴多少费、能够达到多高的养老金待遇进行科学的精算。即利用一般的精算学原理,给出待遇确定型计划(DB计划)中职工个人账户缴费率和缴费确定型计划(DC计划)中目标工资替代率的确定方法及计算公式,并对DB模式与DC模式的精算原理进行比较,从而可有效克服企业年金缴费支付困难的问题。     

对我国养老保险制度财务可持续性的分析

运用精算估计方法 ,分别对我国现行的城镇职工养老保险方案和 2 0 0 1年辽宁省试点方案的未来财务状况进行了预测分析 ,对制度的未来财务可持续性进行了研究 ,最后提出一些改革建议。     

辽宁城镇基本养老保险体制改革研究

辽宁社会保障体制改革试点已经结束。分析试点方案、总结经验,对于辽宁,乃至全国,都是十分有益的。运用定量、实证等分析方法,从养老金的供给与需求两个方面,分析了辽宁养老保险体制改革试点方案。就养老保险体制建设,提出了建议。     

Engagement with Retirement Savings: It Is a Matter of Trust

People who engage with their retirement savings are more likely to opt out of unsuitable defaults. We use cluster analysis of matched survey and administrative data to identify groups of pension plan members that are alike in their attitudes toward retirement saving. We find that engaged and disengaged members segregate into groups based on their interest and trust. Group membership in turn helps predict plan engagement, as proxied by nondefault choices. Specifically, engagement is stronger among interested groups. Trust, however, has a more complex relationship with engagement, particularly as it interacts with interest. While members with low interest and high trust are less likely to engage (e.g., by not checking plan performance), less trusting members engage more (e.g., by actively choosing asset allocations). As interest and trust successfully determine group membership, and ultimately engagement, pension plan providers should address members' diverse needs and circumstances with personalized approaches.     

Stochastic Dominance of Pension Plans

We compare different possibilities to reform a funded pension plan, whose balance is threatened by a decrease in mortality rates. Since the plan is mandatory, the welfare of employees might be reduced if contributions increase or if the retirement age is raised. An empirical study of Israeli data shows that a reform which decreases the pension benefits is the optimal strategy, compared with the options of increasing the retirement age or increasing pension fund contributions. We also show that giving employees freedom to choose their retirement age and induced pension benefits is the optimal policy and increases the welfare of employees.     

Wages,Health Insurance and Pension Plans: The Relationship Between Employee Compensation and Small Business Owner Income

Small business owners claim that their ability to provide higher wages and more frequent employee health insurance and pension benefits is severely constrained by the profitability of their firms. This paper examines the proposition that employee wage levels, provision of employee health insurance, and sponsorship of an employee pension plan are associated with small business owner income. A large trade-association survey supplies the data for the inquiry. Regression analysis (OLS and logistic) demonstrates that all three forms of employee compensation are tied to business owner income. Further, the business owner income variable "washes out" the generally accepted relationship between size of business and wages, though not the relationships between size of the business and the presence of health insurance nor between the size of business and the presence of pension benefits. The regressions also indicate that unit costs of health insurance and pension benefits are higher for those employing 10 or fewer and 20 or fewer respectively compared the other small businesses.     

Automatic Enrollment and Its Relation to the Incidence and Distribution of DC Plan Contributions: Evidence from a National Survey of Older Workers

Automatic enrollment has been widely embraced for raising employee participation in 401(k) plans. However, the empirical evidence on the effect of automatic enrollment on plan contributions and retirement saving overall is still imperfect. Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we find that although automatic enrollment is associated with a higher proportion of workers participating in DC plans, automatically enrolled workers are less likely to contribute to their DC plans and contribute on average less than their voluntarily enrolled counterparts. In contrast, employers of auto‐enrolled workers on average contribute more to their employees' accounts than do the employers of voluntarily enrolled workers. Even so, the combined effect is that the total annual contribution rates of automatically enrolled older workers are 1.6 percentage points lower than those of voluntarily enrolled workers.     

Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Finanzierung der Erwerbsminderungsrente

The latest pension reform plan proposed by the German government aims to raise benefits for people with reduced earning capacities due to invalidity. While this reform is an improvement for future pensioners, it does not tackle the major financial problem of the current system. It is argued that demographic change would not cause financial problems in a pay-as-you-go invalidity insurance scheme comparable to the problems of the current pension insurance scheme. Therefore, separating the risk of longevity and the risk of invalidity would allow a higher invalidity pension level.     

The effects of aging on notional defined contribution pension systems: A theoretical investigation

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for analyzing the properties of pay‐as‐you‐go notional defined contributions (NDCs) systems within the context of aging. Different from the defined‐benefit scheme, where aging harms the financial sustainability of the social security system, the NDC determines pension benefits while taking into account life expectancy and demographic trends, turning the issue of financial sustainability into one of pension adequacy. This paper explores the balance sheet effects when life expectancy, retirement thresholds and entry age in the labor market vary by cohorts. The study suggests some solutions for practical issues concerning aging in NDC systems, such as (a) the bias related to the forecasts of survival rates, (b) the indexation of pension benefits and (c) the setup of tenure and age requirements for retirement.