减税和扩大政府支出对经济增长和扩大内需的效率与效力比较——基于SVAR模型的分析

本文运用SVAR模型考察了改革开放30年来,税收与政府支出对经济增长、居民消费和企业投资的影响关系.结果显示,在弹性关系层面无法确定政府支出、税收和经济增长之间是否存在协整关系.但在增长率层面政府支出对于经济增长和扩大内需均有促进作用,而税收的作用则相反.扩大政府支出对于促进经济增长和扩大居民消费而言,比减税的影响效率与效力都强,但减税对企业投资的促进效率与效力则优于扩大政府支出所产生的影响.     

扩大就业对策初探

1、运用财政政策、货币政策和收入分配政策促进经济增长、扩大就业。加大财政对公共项目投入，既能直接创造就业岗位，又能刺激需求，带动社会投资，间接促进就业。我国自亚洲金融危机暴发以来，已发行长期建设国债8000亿元，国债投资6年拉动GDP增长约10个百分点，至少创造了近1000万个就业岗位。同时，税收政策对促进就业也具有积极的意义。     

公共支出与我国经济增长方式转变——基于省际面板数据的实证检验

理论机制分析显示,公共支出既可能通过纠正私人投资的外部性对技术进步产生正向影响,进而促进经济增长方式向集约化方向发展;也可能通过刺激私人物质资本投资、劳动力和自然资源投入,强化粗放型经济发展模式。本文利用1995—2010年我国除西藏之外30个省(市、区)面板数据,基于FMOLS方法,考察了公共支出对我国经济增长方式转型的影响。结果表明,公共支出规模扩张强化了我国粗放型经济增长方式;公共支出结构变化对我国经济增长方式转型也没有起到显著的作用;公共支出效率提高则显著促进了我国经济增长方式的转变。     

税收与公共人力资本和经济增长的计量分析

基于向量自回归(VAR)模型的计量分析表明,1978-2008年我国税收、公共人力资本积累、经济增长之间具有唯一的协整关系.在长期,公共人力资本每增加1%,GDP增加2.05%;税收每增加1%.GDP战少1.43%.税收增长对公共人力资本积累具有持久的积极作用.政府应该加大公共教育的投入,增加公共人力资本积累.但因税收增长对经济增长有负效应,应注意优化预算支出结构,节省财力扩大公共教育支出.     

税收分享、征税努力与地方公共支出行为——基于全国县级面板数据的研究

本文将政府间基于共同税基的税收分享定义为共享税收分享,把按地方所产生税收在政府间的事实归宿定义为实际税收分享.基于全国县级面板数据,我们实证分析了两类税收分享对地方支出行为的效应及作用机制.研究发现,不同性质税收分享对地方支出规模效应不同:共享税收分享具有激励效应,其每提高1％,地方支出规模增加0.08％;实际税收分享有抑制效应,其每增加1％,支出规模降低0.112％.共享税收分享对生产性和福利性支出分别存在显著正向和负向效应,而实际税收分享的效应恰恰相反.此外,共享和实际税收分享对地方支出结构的效应也显著不同.地方征税努力是税收分享对支出行为作用的一个传导途径:税收分享通过征税努力产生间接收入效应,并与税收分享的直接收入效应综合影响地方收入,从而影响支出规模并促使地方调整支出决策.     

浙江省县域经济持续增长的动态演化机制研究——一个财政支出结构的视角

由美国的次级债引发的全球性金融危机使得全球各国经济都遭受重创,当前促进地区经济发展是政府的当务之急.本文通过从理论层面阐述政府支出结构等因素与经济持续增长的动态演化机制,并对2003-2012年浙江省58个县域政府支出结构对县域经济增长的影响进行了实证分析.研究表明:私人投资、就业人数、政府各项支出与经济增长之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;从静态回归结果看,私人投资、全社会就业人口和政府各项支出对经济增长均有明显的推动作用,无论短期效应还是长期效应,私人投资对经济增长的促进作用最为明显,政府财政支出结构中消费性支出对县域经济增长的长期和短期效应都大于教育事业性支出和科学事业支出,教育事业性支出对县域经济增长的长期促进效应大于科学事业支出,短期则反之.     

养老保险、人力资本的公共支出效应研究

不同的养老保险制度会对人力资本的投资产生不同的作用,从而影响到经济增长率。在这一过程中,政府经济干预的作用是不可忽视的。本文对中国社会保障改革过程中的养老保险和教育的公共支出的增长效应进行了分析,同时通过人力资本这一指标来体现它们与经济增长的相关关系,结果表明：从公共支出角度来看,政府对养老保险的转移支付与人力资本和长期经济增长率之间呈现出一种负相关关系;公共教育投入对于长期人力资本及经济增长的正面效应很明显,而对短期经济增长的效应却不明显。     

改善我区民营企业投资善的对策思考

改革开放特别是近年来,广西民营企业投资增长迅速,民营经济不断发展壮大,在提高人民收入、扩大就业、增加税收和促进经济增长等方面发挥了积极作用,成为了广西经济社会发展的重要组成部分和推动广西经济快速增长的重要力量。     

改善广西民营企业投资状况的对策思考

改革开放特别是近年来,广西民营企业投资增长迅速,民营经济不断发展壮大,在提高人民收入、扩大就业、增加税收和促进经济增长等方面发挥了积极作用,成为了广西经济社会发展的重要组成部分和推动广西经济快速增长的重要力量。     

中国经济中的高增长与低就业——投资驱动型经济增长的陷阱

中国经济中存在着高增长与低就业并存的现象.从宏观总量的角度看,消费需求较投资需求具有更高的就业提高作用,且长期最终消费支出的就业弹性要高于资本形成总额,这种现象主要源于经济增长方式对投资需求的依赖.投资驱动型经济增长方式的内在缺陷在于经济增长依赖投资需求,但消费需求的拉动作用却大于投资需求.正是这种投资驱动型经济增长方式的陷阱,导致经济需求无法持续提供就业需求,从而在长期形成高增长与低就业并存的局面.为改变这种高增长与低就业并存的增长方式,从政策层面来看,应该考虑的是采用更高工资水平的经济增长方式,以提高最终消费需求在国内生产总值中的比重,从而形成新的就业需求.提高普通职工工资水平,在短期内可能形成对利润的挤出,但是从长期来看,必将形成收入分配差异的优化,扩大消费需求对经济增长的贡献,而且形成持续的就业需求,在经济增长与就业之间形成良性循环,保持长期经济增长的动力.     

Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model with Productive Government Spending

The goal of this paper is to analyse the effects of fiscal policy upon the long-run balanced growth rate in an endogenous growth model in which sustained per capita growth is the result of productive government spending. Assuming that labour is supplied inelastically, it is shown that increases in non-productive government spending, i.e. public consumption or lump-sum transfers, always reduce the balanced growth rate, whereas there exists a growth-maximizing investment subsidy rate and income tax rate. Moreover, a rise in a tax on consumption increases economic growth if it raises public investment. If labour supply is elastic the elasticity of labour supply crucially determines the growth-maximizing income tax rate and an increase in the tax on consumption may raise or lower economic growth.     

Unemployment,environmental policy,and international migration

In this paper, we investigate the effects of an increase in emission tax, a decrease in fixed manufacturing wage rate, and an increased inflow of foreign workers on competitive wages, the environmental stock, the economic welfare of the representative consumer, and employment in the presence of a pollution abatement equipment sector and unemployment. Our main findings are that an increase in emission tax and a decrease in the urban minimum wage rate decrease unemployment, and international immigration may increase the competitive wage rate, employment rate, stock of environmental capital, and economic welfare of the representative worker.     

逆周期资本账户管制对宏观经济稳定与社会福利改善的作用

资本管制能否有效抵御外部冲击实现宏观经济稳定存在争论,本文通过构造开放经济的DSGE模型研究投资限制和逆周期金融交易税等资本管制工具对于实现宏观经济稳定和改善社会福利的作用。通过比较不同政策安排下主要宏观经济变量的波动性和脉冲响应函数可以发现,采用逆周期金融交易税作为资本管制工具在抵御外部冲击、维持宏观经济稳定方面具有比较优势。设置投资限制的资本管制促进了货币政策的独立性,可以使货币政策专注管理国内的经济增长和通货膨胀问题。通过不同政策安排下的福利分析可知,增加投资国外资产的限制对社会福利的增进起到负面作用,增加逆周期金融交易税的资本管制却可以减轻由投资限制导致的资源配置扭曲,从而放松投资国外资产的限制从根本上提高社会福利。所以,在资本管制工具的选择上,采取逆周期金融交易税可能比采用投资限制更优。随着资本账户开放的基本条件不断成熟,用金融交易税取代投资限制更符合浮动汇率制和自由兑换的资本账户的需求。     

中国企业赴巴西直接投资的机遇与挑战

近年来,中国对巴西投资迅猛增长,2010年中国成为巴西外国直接投资的第一大来源国。中企赴巴西投资在面临巴西地理位置优越、自然资源丰富、经济发展稳定、市场潜力巨大、劳动力资源丰裕、基础设施完备、经济政策稳定且开放、科技水平和研发能力较强、外债风险持续缓解、中巴双边贸易快速增长等良好机遇的同时,也面临整体税负偏重、基础设施滞后、社会治安状况堪忧、教育水平不高、居民素质参差不齐、资金和劳动力成本高企、劳工法律苛刻、币值波动较大等挑战。中国政府和企业要从完善投资保险机制、签订投资协定、做好市场调查、政策分析、实行"本地化"策略等方面沉着应对。     

The economic consequences of corporate tax rates reductions in the EU: Evidence using a computable general equilibrium model

In a globalised world, governments are eager to attract foreign investors by lowering corporate tax rates. Recent trends point towards a revival of a race to the bottom in corporate income tax (CIT) rates in developed economies. EU countries have been active in this respect. A generalised fall in CIT rate could prove detrimental to tax revenues and trigger increase in other taxes to meet fiscal policy objectives. However, it could also spur investment and growth and prove to be a good fiscal policy strategy if, as a result, the corporate tax base increases. The final economic and fiscal impact of a reduction in CIT rates is therefore unclear. Using a CGE model, we find that uncoordinated tax reforms significantly impact national economies and third‐country effects can be significant when large countries implement CIT rate cuts. Small countries are better off unilaterally reducing their CIT rate at the expense of other EU countries. We find that negative spillovers are mitigated when the country reducing its CIT rate restores its budget balance by cutting either public expenditures or social transfers. A larger degree of non‐EU capital mobility also tends to reduce the negative spillover effects of unilateral CIT rate reductions.     

湖北国税税收收入弹性的实证研究

税收收入弹性是反映税收收入增长与GDP（国内生产总值）增长之间相互关系的指标,它说明税收收入对经济增长的反应程度。从总量和结构两个角度的实证分析表明．湖北省国税税收收入弹性高弹性增长是多种因素综合作用而成。税收收入弹性如果长期连续地高增长,也会对经济发展产生一定的负面影响。     

Government spending and the budget deficit

The business community of Canada manifests questionable moral and ethical standards in its criticism of government spending, since it itself bears considerable responsibility for the increase in government spending and budget deficits. The contradiction arises from the failure of the business community to recognize the liberalization of society at large and the associated social responsibility for the well-being of its citizens; a well-being manifested in income maintenance programmes, in access to education and training, in health care, and others. The failure to recognize such expectations is manifested in its failure to provide adequately for the retirement of its employees, for the health care of its employees, for laid-off and seperated employees, thereby shifting the burden to government. Further, it has failed to assume responsibility for the training and retraining of the workers it employs, including high-level workers trained specifically to its purposes in business schools. While expecting government to bear full financial responsibility for income maintenance, health, education and training, the business community makes every effort to deny government the revenues it needs to meet its obligations. The avoidance of tax payments stands high amongst business objectives, manifested in the employment of highly paid accountants and tax lawyers specifically for the purpose. Finally, in their criticism of government spending, business spokesmen deliberately fail to distinguish between consumption spending and capital investment spending, notwithstanding the significant contribution to the production infrastructure of the economy of government investment expenditures. If the capital expenditures were to be taken out of the government's budget, the deficit will decrease substantially. Professor of Economics and Head of the Department of Economics at The University of Calgary. Formerly Dean of the Faculty of Business at The University of Calgary, and Associate Director of the Human Resources Research Council of Alberta. In his 30 year academic career, he has taught and carried out research in the fields of economic development, employment policy, public finance, the financing of post-secondary education, and the economics of technology. He has published seven books, the latest of which is Women at Work: Discrimination and Response (1989), and numerous reports, articles and papers.     

Deutsche Wirtschaft gut ausgelastet — Wirtschaftspolitik neu ausrichten

The German economy is experiencing a moderate recovery: GDP is expected to grow by 1.9 percent this year, 1.4 percent next year, and 1.6 percent in 2018. Over the course of the forecast period, capacity utilisation will be somewhat higher than in the longterm average. Nevertheless, the contribution of corporate investment to the current upswing is minimal. The global economy is generating only minor stimulating effects, which means that exports are increasing only moderately. The extremely low long-term interest rates are likely to reflect not only the current monetary policy, but also low growth expectations. All of these factors are inhibiting investment into equipment, and thus, consumption continues to be the main growth driver. Private consumption is benefiting from the sustained increase in employment; the high expenditures for accommodating and integrating the refugees is still having a strong impact on public spending. Residential construction is getting a boost from the low interest rates.     

FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE IMPERFECT LABOR MARKET

Using a simple overlapping generations model with the growth engine of public capital by incorporating the union wage setting, we examine the effects of fiscal policies on unemployment, economic growth and welfare in the imperfect labor market. We demonstrate that the growth‐maximizing tax in the imperfect labor market is larger than that of the perfect labor market. However, as the allocation ratio of public capital increases, the growth‐maximizing tax in the imperfect labor market approaches that of the perfect labor market, thus reducing the unemployment rate. The policy implications of the intergenerational welfare aspects are also mentioned.     

Thoughts about Monetary and Fiscal Policy in a Postinflation World

There is a cultural lag in economic policy, particularly when it comes to inflation. Should inflation continue to be a concern, or is the new “normal” one in which inflation is low on the list of threats? In particular, central banks should focus on their original mission of ensuring financial stability and recognize that monetary accommodation is likely to continue to be appropriate. Budget policy, too, must play a role in promoting economic health—but expenditures should be shifted toward investment that increases productivity rather than consumption. Also, the federal tax codes and entitlements should be restructured so that they promote rather than impede growth. Finally, it is important to guard against institutions and individuals that have enormous financial power using that power to gain short-run advantage for themselves at the expense of long-term stability and prosperity for all.