美国经常项目赤字的原因分析

20世纪90年代以来,美国经常项目赤字不断膨胀,本文从以下两个角度分析了美国经常项目赤字原因:一是美国较低储蓄水平;二是全球储蓄过剩。     

美国巨额经常项目赤字及其持续性探析

通过分析美国巨额经常项目赤字的构成,探讨了美国经常项目赤字是否将持续的问题。从某一时点上看,如果没有相关的外国资本流入以及负的国际投资净额导致消费、投资、利率和汇率等经济变量的变化,美国经常项目赤字仍将持续。一旦美国经常项目出现持续性巨额赤字,无论美国经济还是世界经济都将面临不可预期的风险。     

新型国际分工对全球失衡可持续性的影响

随着全球失衡的不断加剧，经常项目的可持续性逐渐受到更多人的关注。因为经常项目的调整、尤其是赤字的调整往往伴随着货币贬值、经济下滑等代价，人们认为目前的失衡局面背后隐藏着巨大的风险。本文试图通过经验研究寻找近年来经常项目可持续性的规律和特点。经常项目赤字逆转较为平均地分布在1970年至今。从probit模型回归结果看，除了经常项目余额、经济增长等常见影响因素外，影响国际产业分工的金融与制造业的比较优势也是预测经常项目可持续性的重要因素。一国金融产业相对于制造业的比较优势越大，该国发生经常项目赤字逆转的可能性就越小．说明虽然金融业的发达让一国更容易背负赤字，但是这种优势也让该国有一定不急于调整经常项目赤字的“特权”，这也是造成经常项目失衡长时间存在的重要原因。     

美国经常项目赤字的可持续性研究

近年来,美国巨额经常项目赤字和美元持续贬值引起了经济学界的强烈关注,一些经济学家发出了美元和国际货币体系崩溃的警告。在现行国际货币体系即以资产为本位的泛布雷顿森林体系下,中心国家美国和外围亚洲国家形成了双赢的局面。该体系与布雷顿森林体系相比具有更大的安全性和稳定性,美国能够承受更大规模的经常项目赤字,并由此获得了更为灵活的政策操作空间。在某种程度上,美国巨额经常项目赤字是其雄厚的金融和经济实力的体现。     

美国外贸政策调整的特点

美国外贸政策调整的特点美国外贸政策调整是全方位、多角度展开的，其目的是为了改变长期以来严重失衡的贸易赤字和经常项目收支的赤字状况，提高美国商品的国际竞争力，以便夺回失去的部分国际市场，扭转美国经济颓势。美国外贸政策调整的特点则有如下四点。（一）贸易政...     

美国经常性贸易赤字调整对我国外贸的影响

20世纪90年代以来,美国经常账户逆差持续增加,为世界经济发展带来了极大的风险.本文在对美国经常账户赤字的现状分析的基础上,探讨了美国目前对赤字的调整措施,并分析了这些措施对我国外贸的影响.     

美国巨额贸易逆差能维持吗

20世纪90年代以来,美国经常项目赤字不断膨胀,而美国出现的私人投资、消费高潮与高额财政赤字是其产生的主要原因。通过对基本因素与短期因素的考察,综合分析美国经济状况以及美元地位等因素后,得出的结论是近期美国经常项目赤字将保持增加趋势。     

储蓄不足--美国经常帐户赤字的根源

从宏观经济层面看,经常账户赤字是资本账户顺差的另一种表现。美国经常账户赤字持续扩大,根源在于美国向消费型社会蜕变的进程加快,导致国内储蓄日益不足,从而不得不从国外输入巨额资本,以弥补国内储蓄与国内总投资之间的缺口。美国长期维持巨额经常账户赤字,充分展现了美国资本主义     

2005年展望 全球经济

主题: 2005年世界经济展望。意义: 2004年,美国的经常项目赤字达到GDP的6％, 以经合组织国家的历史经验看,一国的对外赤字如此之高,其汇率很难保持稳定。美元贬值或许有助于解决这个难题,其过程很可能是和缓的。     

2005年展望全球经济

主题：2005年世界经济展望。意义：2004年，美国的经常项目赤字达到GDP的6％，以经合组织国家的历史经验看，一国的对外赤字如此之高，其汇率很难保持稳定。美元贬值或许有助于解决这个难题，其过程很可能是和缓的。     

What Do Current Account Reversals in OECD Countries Tell Us About the US Case?

This study examines macroeconomic developments around reversals in current account deficits in 29 OECD countries over four decades and draws some inferences for the present US deficit. Estimates of a probit model indicate that the deepness of the deficit itself, absence of spare production capacity and a beginning real depreciation are factors that increase the likelihood of a current account reversal in the following year. For the US each of these three indicators of a reversal are now on, making a near reversal probable. Over the past 40 years half of the current account deficit reversals in the OECD area were followed by a recession in the countries concerned.     

The US current account deficit: A fundamentally flawed development?

The American current account deficit has once more become the subject of public debate. The size of the deficit is seen by some observers as the main cause of the recent decline in the exchange rate of the dollar. Can the latter be taken as confirmation of the increasing warnings that, in view of the dependence of the US economy on capital imports, adjustment processes such as a dramatic slump in the dollar exchange rate are imminent? What fundamental developments lie behind the US current account deficit, and do they give cause for significant adjustment reactions?     

Anmerkungen zu „Irrungen und Wirrungen mit der Leistungsbilanzstatistik“ von Georg Erber

Priewe rejects several propositions: The current account balance is not a sound indicator of the competitiveness of an economy, the direct use of gross capital inflows is not pre-determined by anyone other than foreign investors, capital flows do not determine the current account balance, bilateral capital flows between member countries of the eurozone are not relevant for the balance of payment, and absolving the surplus countries and solely blaming the deficit countries for improper use of capital inflows obfuscates the fact that both surplus and deficit countries are involved in the making of imbalances. In his reply, Erber stresses that the intention of his article was to point out that the empirical facts blaming Germany for being responsible for the current eurozone crisis are not supported by the data. Furthermore, current accounts are mere accounting identities. Therefore, focussing on the current accounts alone is insufficient for identifying the causes of the euro crisis.     

我国经常项目收支平衡与经济增长——基于BPCG模型的实证分析

20世纪90年代初以来,我国经常项目中商品贸易持续顺差,服务贸易和投资收益账户却连年逆差,这种结构不利于我国经济的持续稳定增长。本文应用国际收支约束下经济增长模型(BPCG)及其扩展形式,实证分析了1982-2005年间我国经常项目平衡约束下的经济增长率、商品贸易收支平衡约束下的经济增长率与实际增长率之间的差异,结论为经常项目平衡约束下的经济增长率比商品贸易收支平衡约束下的经济增长率要低0.5-1个百分点。     

Comparative advantage,service trade,and global imbalances

The large current account deficit of the U.S. is the result of a large deficit in the goods balance and a modest surplus in the service balance. The opposite is true for Japan, Germany, and China. Moreover, I document the emergence from the mid-nineties of a strong negative relation between specialization in the export of services and the current account balances of a large sample of OECD and developing countries. Starting from these new stylized facts, I propose in this paper a service hypothesis for global imbalances, a new explanation based on the interplay between the U.S. comparative advantage in services and the asymmetric trade liberalization process in goods trade versus service trade that took place starting in the mid-nineties. First, I use a structural gravity model to show that service trade liberalization lagged behind goods trade liberalization, and I quantify the extent of this asymmetry. Second, I show that a simple two-period model can rationalize the emergence of current account deficits in the presence of such asymmetric liberalization. The key inter-temporal mechanism is the asymmetric timing of trade policies, which affects saving decisions. Finally, I explore the quantitative relevance of this explanation for global imbalances. I introduce trade costs in an otherwise standard 2-sector 2-country international real business cycle model. When fed with the asymmetric trade liberalization path found in the data, the model generates a trade deficit of about 5% of GDP. I conclude that the service hypothesis for global imbalances is quantitatively relevant.     

The US dollar- scenario of a world currency

The exchange rate of the US dollar fell sharply last year. What part was played by the adverse “fundamentals” of the US economy, the large current account deficit, the country’s heavy foreign indebtedness and the substantial budget deficit? How will the dollar behave in future?     

资本市场与国际收支:来自工业化国家的经验数据

本文从理论和经验上论证了资本市场与国际收支的关系。通过分析18个工业化国家的经验数据得出:一国如果拥有一个发达的资本市场,往往吸引较多的国外资金通过证券投资大量流入,引起资本账户顺差,与之同时往往伴随着经常账户逆差。这一结论的政策含义是:发达的资本市场是一国合理利用外资的一个重要前提;与之同时,发达的资本市场可能是一国国际收支平衡过程中实现自我调节的缓冲器。我国多年来一直保持资本账户巨额顺差,但主要是通过FDI实现的,这种格局的形成也与我国资本市场的缺陷有关。对我国而言,建设一个发达的资本市场对我国国际收支管理有着多方面的积极意义。     

Twin deficit or twin divergence? Fiscal policy, current account, and real exchange rate in the U.S.

In spite of concerns about “twin deficits” (fiscal and the current account deficits) for the United States economy, empirical evidence suggests that “twin divergence” is a more usual feature of the historical data, i.e., when fiscal accounts worsen, the current account improves and vice versa. This paper empirically studies the effects of fiscal policy (government budget deficit shocks) on the current account and the real exchange rate, during the flexible exchange rate regime period. Based on VAR (Vector Auto-Regression) models, we identified “exogenous” fiscal policy shocks after controlling for business cycle effects on fiscal balances. In contrast to the predictions of most theoretical models, the U.S. results suggest that an expansionary fiscal policy shock, or a government budget deficit shock, improve the current account and depreciate the real exchange rate. Increases in private savings and declines in investment contribute to the current account improvement while a nominal exchange rate depreciation, as opposed to a relative price level change, is mainly responsible for the real exchange rate depreciation. The “twin divergence” of fiscal balances and current account balances is also explained by the prevalence of output shocks, i.e. output shocks — more than fiscal shocks — appear to drive the co-movements of the current account and the fiscal balance.     

Why Double Surplus in China's International Balance of Payments?

In accordance with the theory of development economics,developing countries should maintain a current account deficit and capital account surplus, and achieve a higher level of investment through foreign savings rather than just domestic savings. The international financial crisis not only hit the European and US economy, but also gave China's macro-micro economy a heavy blow.     

Heterogeneous effects of competitiveness shocks on macroeconomic performance across euro area countries

This paper considers how competitiveness impacts macroeconomic performance in 11 euro area countries. VAR models are estimated for the individual countries using quarterly data from 1995Q4 to 2013Q4. Besides unit labour costs as a competitiveness measure, the models include GDP, the current account balance and domestic credit. The empirical analyses show that changes in unit labour costs help explain GDP dynamics in the short and medium term in most countries, whereas they have little explanatory power for the current account balance or domestic credit for most countries. Overall, the effects of the unit labour costs vary substantially across the countries in the euro area. The heterogeneity suggests that policy measures aiming to improve economic growth, correct current account imbalances and ensure financial stability need to take country‐specific features into account.