Optimum currency areas and the European experience

Across nations or regions, the debate on optimum exchange rate cum monetary policies is not yet resolved on three levels. First is the optimum domain of fixed exchange rates versus keeping them flexible. Second is the subordinate debate on whether one needs full monetary union (as in continental Europe) to secure an optimum currency area's internal domain; or, whether virtually fixed exchange rates — where national currencies remain in circulation — can be sufficient. Third is whether a regional grouping of economies with close trade ties (as in East Asia) gain by collectively pegging to an outside currency such as the US dollar. Using an axiomatic approach, which limits the set of cross‐country financial claims to what is feasible, I analyse how best to both share and reduce macroeconomic risks on these three levels. JEL classification: F31, F36.     

Economic Calculation: Private Property or Several Control?

Abstract

As the centenary of the 1917 Russian revolution approaches, it is worth reviewing the past 100 years’ discussion amongst economists on the possibility—or otherwise—of economic planning under socialism. The socialist calculation debate is of fundamental importance, not merely as a specialist application of economic ideas, but as an investigation of the foundations of economic activity. Every economic action is premised upon calculation, every choice depends upon an assessment of the costs and benefits of each alternative between which the agent must choose. The view of that choice and its attendant calculation is constitutive of the schools of thought—Marxian, neoclassical and Austrian—which have contributed to the debate. An understanding of the calculation debate is therefore required to understand how these paradigms stand in relation to each other. This article addresses one aspect of that debate—the claim by Austrian economists that socialism is impossible because the absence of private property in the means of production precludes economic calculation. The article suggests that several control rather than private property is required for economic calculation, and that several control is consistent with public ownership of the means of production. The Austrian argument on this point, therefore, is without force.     

关于坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向的理论思考

就当前关于改革的争论来说,问题的关键不在于要不要坚持改革,而在于要坚持什么样的改革;不在于要不要搞市场经济,而在于搞什么样的市场经济;正确的方向是:更多的市场调节,更多的社会主义,市场经济与社会主义基本制度更好地结合,这就是中国经济改革的正确方向,即社会主义市场经济的改革方向。     

21世纪西方经济地理学的动向与问题

由经济学倡导的“新西方经济地理学”的兴起使西方经济地理学面临重大挑战。也揭示了西方经济地理学存在的问题。本文的目的是评述当前关于西方经济地理学的动向、问题与有关争论。     

Tugan-Baranovskii's vision of an international socialist economy

This article examines a hitherto neglected book published in 1918 by M. I. Tugan-Baranovskii, which is devoted to outlining his vision of an international socialist economy. It focuses on Tugan's approach to economic planning, money and prices in socialism, and the new international economic order. It is shown that Tugan attempted to assimilate marginalism into his vision of planning, and was more flexible than the Bolsheviks in adapting socialist economics to the task at hand. The reception of Tugan's approach is also briefly sketched, as is the context of the socialist calculation debate.     

The Road to Serfdom and the world economy: 60 years later

We consider Friedrich Hayek's Road to Serfdom in light of global ideological and economic developments during the 60 years since its publication. Specific problems considered include socialism and planning, whether national socialism was really socialism, whether Hayek's views could be labeled as social democratic and whether his critique of social democracy was too strong, and his discussion of the prospects for international economic order. While often right and enormously influential, Hayek himself agreed that some of his predictions did not become true.     

Voluntary environmental regulation and firm innovation in China

Porter Hypothesis has evoked almost three-decade debate on whether environmental regulation can stimulate firm innovation. However, one missing component in this long stream of literature is the absence of voluntary environmental regulation when defining environmental regulation policy in the first place. We address this gap by examining the impact of the voluntary environmental certification of ISO 14000 on firm innovation. Adopting firm-level survey data, our results show that ISO 14000 certification leads to more innovation input and output in sampled Chinese firms. Therefore, our study sheds light to the debate on Porter Hypothesis and contributes to green innovation literature.     

Listen Libertarians!: A Review of John Tomasi’s “Free Market Fairness”

John Tomasi’s 2012 book, Free Market Fairness, has been well received. On the dust jacket, Tyler Cowen proclaims it “one of the very best philosophical treatments of libertarian thought, ever” and Deirdre McCloskey calls it a “long and friendly conversation between Friedrich Hayek and John Rawls — a conversation which, astonishingly, reaches agreement.” The book does present an authoritative state of the debate across the spectrum from right libertarianism, on one end, to high liberalism (that shares some ideas with democratic socialism), on the other end. My point is not to question Tomasi’s own version of “market democracy” as a remix of Hayek and Rawls, but to use his sympathetic restatements of views across the liberal spectrum in order to show the basic misframings and common misunderstandings that cut across the liberal-libertarian viewpoints surveyed in the book. The heart of the debate is not in the answers to carefully framed questions, but in the framing itself.     

Incentives and income under market socialism

The nature of the bonus function under market socialism and the implications of such functions for a comparison of income distributions under socialist and capitalist economic systems are examined. It is shown that when efficiency is required, when enterprise shutdown rules are taken into account, and when information is decentralized, the bonus will be equal to the profits of the enterprise. Lange's social dividend must be zero. Hence, contrary to previous claims, one can make no strong conclusions when comparing the degree of inequality of the income distribution under competitive capitalism and market socialism.     

New market socialism: a case for rejuvenation or inspired alchemy?

The aim of this paper is to examine the relative merits anddrawbacks of two recent models of market socialism proposedby Bardhan and Roemer. This is done, first, by putting thesemodels into the perspective of the history of economic thought.Thus, after presenting the basic elements of the early Langemodel as well as the Austrian and ‘new information economics’critiques, the necessary comparisons and contrasts are madeto see what new light these new models bring into this debate.In addition, the internal consistency and coherence of thesemodels is checked in terms of their own proclaimed goals. Last,a more radical methodological critique is provided.     

公司收益权转让的财务核算探讨

转让公司利润的收益权,在实务中,常被简单聚焦在“股权还是债权转让”的讨论中。文章以案例的形式,深入剖析了权益转让的业务实质,明确了该业务并非股权或者债权转让,并提出了收益权转让双方的财务核算办法。     

共同富裕与机会平等

机会平等对能否实现共同富裕起着决定性的作用。本文利用机会集概念来检验机会不平等的程度,阐述了机会集的定义及估计方法,并采用非参数核函数方法,根据实际情况用MonteCarlo模拟隔代收入分布,在此基础上计算机会集。通过检验这些机会集的特征,表明父亲收入的高低对子女机会及收入流动性的影响。并提出一些旨在减少机会不平等的措施。     

Price changes and optimum taxation in a many-consumer economy

A general equilibrium model of a many-consumer economy with commodity taxation is set up, and comparative static effects of small perturbations are studied. Production involves fixed factors which can be interpreted as repositories for pure profits, thus allowing taxation of profits at arbitrary rates. The question of whether the best local improvement starting from a production efficient point will lead to inefficiency is studied. The main concern is whether it will be optimal to rely on profit taxation alone given that it is feasible to do so. An affirmative answer is obtained in special cases where such policy yields the first best, and when the consumers are scaled replicas of one another.     

The nudge wars: A modern socialist calculation debate

We investigate the claims of behavioral paternalism in the more realistic framework of complex choice. In particular, we analyze the claims made by behavioral paternalists that predictive analytics over large amounts of data will make it possible to target and successfully implement purportedly welfare-enhancing nudges deemed to make nudged agents better off “as judged by themselves” (AJBT). We draw parallels between the socialist calculation debate and nudge theoretical arguments, particularly the libertarian socialism of H. D. Dickinson and the libertarian paternalism of Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler. We find that if actual idealized behavior is a more complicated process of recursive feedback using a knowledge classification method, behavioral paternalists engaging in an automatized process of notice-and-comment rulemaking using Big Data methods still encounter epistemological problems and the problems associated with radical uncertainty unearthed during the socialist calculation debate and afterwards.

     

Identification of monetary policy in SVAR models: a data-oriented perspective

In the literature using short-run timing restrictions to identify monetary policy shocks in vector-auto-regressions (VAR) there is a debate on whether (i) contemporaneous real activity and prices or (ii) only data typically observed with high frequency should be assumed to be in the information set of the central bank when the interest rate decision is taken. This paper applies graphical modeling theory, a data-based tool, in a small-scale VAR of the US economy to shed light on this issue. Results corroborate the second type of assumption.     

Re-examining the effects of switching costs

Consumers often incur costs when switching from one product to another. Recently, there has been renewed debate within the literature about whether these switching costs lead to higher prices. We build a theoretical model of dynamic competition and solve it analytically for a wide range of switching costs. We provide a simple condition which determines whether switching costs raise or lower long-run prices. We also show that even if switching costs reduce prices in the long run, they may still increase prices in the short run. Finally, switching costs redistribute surplus across time, and as such are shown to sometimes increase consumer welfare.     

Sickness Absence and Local Benefit Cultures

In many countries, sickness absence financed by generous insurance benefits is an important concern in the policy debate. There are strong variations in absence behavior among local geographical areas. Such variations are difficult to explain in terms of observable socioeconomic factors. In this paper, we investigate whether such variations are related to group effects in the form of social interaction among individuals within neighborhoods. Well‐known methodological problems arise when trying to answer this question. A special feature of our efforts to deal with these problems is that we adopt several alternative approaches to identify group effects. Our study is based on a rich set of Swedish panel data, and we find indications of group effects in each of our approaches.     

Urban Planning,Smart Growth,and Economic Calculation: An Austrian Critique and Extension

This paper takes a critical look at the Smart Growth movement and its reliance on traditional central planning to achieve its goals. Using statewide planning in Oregon, Florida, and Washington State as examples, the paper examines the planning focus of recent efforts to manage growth through land-use planning at the state level. It then applies the Austrian critique of economic planning to the contemporary Smart Growth movement in the United States as it is reflected in statewide planning laws. The calculation debate focused primarily on the technical question of whether bureaucratic planning could, in fact, achieve market outcomes. In the current debate over Smart Growth, planning combines political and bureaucratic decisionmaking. The political context in which planning decisions are made fundamentally alters the decision making process, shifting the emphasis to articulate knowledge as the foundation for policymaking. To be relevant in the current debate over planning, the calculation debate needs to be extended to include a political dimension to its critique of planning.