International Equity Joint Ventures in Ghana and Cote D'Ivoire

Abstract

This paper examines international equity joint ventures (IJVs) in West Africa, presenting data from 45 British and French alliances with local partners in Ghana and Cote D'Ivoire. A comparison with prior studies finds remarkable consistency in the characteristics of IJVs between firms from DCs and LDCs in the following dimensions: motives, instability, asymmetry in equity distribution, frequency of government association, source of CEO, autonomy in management. Differences in IJVs between developed and less developed countries appear cursory rather than fundamental and focus on MNEs' dissatisfaction with IJV performance, the control relationship, and level of equity.     

An Investigation of Control and Performance in U.S.-Chinese Joint Ventures

ABSTRACT

This study took an integrated approach to managerial control in international joint ventures (IJVs). The various control mechanisms used in U.S.-Chinese joint ventures were examined. The linkage between control and performance was empirically tested using a sample of U.S.-Chinese joint ventures established in China during the period of 1979–1989. The findings support the hypothesis that effective managerial control exercised by the U.S. partner over the joint venture operation is positively related to its performance. U.S.-dominant joint ventures significantly outperformed Chinese-dominant joint ventures, but no significant performance differences were found between U.S.-dominant joint ventures and shared management joint ventures.     

Joint Venture Conflict: The Case of Thai International Joint Ventures

ABSTRACT

International Joint Ventures (IJVs) have become an important means of market entry for many firms, particularly those seeking entry into Asia (Lin and Germain, 1999 Lin, X. and Germain, R. 1999. Predicting international joint venture interaction frequency in U.S.-Chinese ventures. Journal of International Marketing, 7(2): 5–23. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). As such, it is important to understand what causes some IJVs to fail and others to succeed. This study examines the relationship between partners' needs, commitment, control, and conflict between the IJV partners in a developing country of South East Asia. The findings revealed that IJV inter-party conflict was significantly influenced by all three variables, namely, partners' needs, commitment and control thereby providing support for previous research in a different national setting.     

Environmental Risk and Foreign Equity Ownership in Joint Ventures in China

ABSTRACT

Environmental risk in a host country is a key issue that foreign firms must deal with when deciding how much equity ownership to acquire and how much control to have in an equity joint venture (EJV) in that country. This study examines the relationship between changes in the risk situations in China and the level of foreign equity ownership in the EJV. It hypothesizes that Japanese partners would be more likely than U.S. or Hong Kong partners to acquire a 50% or higher level of equity ownership. This tendency would become more pronounced when the risk conditions in China deteriorate. The empirical results, based on 3,838 EJVs in China that had foreign partners from U.S., Japan, Hong Kong and Europe during the 1979–1992 period, are largely consistent with the hypotheses.     

South African Managers' Perceptions of Prospective South African-US Joint Ventures

Abstract

This study explores South African managers' expectations of prospective South African-United States international joint ventures. One hundred and three middle level South African managers responded to a theory-based original survey questionnaire that included questions about various aspects of prospective US-South African joint ventures. US companies invest in South Africa to gain access to its market and South African companies get into joint ventures with US companies to tap into their financial resources. US government's imposed tariffs and South African government's administrative barriers seem to be the most crucial problems for the prospective joint ventures. Implications for international managers are offered.     

A Retrospective Study of Joint Ventures in Eastern Europe and the Former USSR

No abstract available for this article.     

Staged Development of Dynamic Capabilities: A Study of International Joint Ventures in India

This article investigates the microfoundations of different stages of development of dynamic capabilities (DCs) in international joint ventures (IJVs). We conducted case‐based research for three heterogeneous IJVs in the Indian life insurance space. Data collection involved detailed interviews and access to other archival data. Results offer interesting insights on (1) the process of the development of dynamic capabilities and (2) the relative importance of different stages in the development of dynamic capabilities. Sensing and seizing are the two stages in which dynamic capabilities are built, and reconfiguration/transformation is inherently subsumed within the stage of seizing. We also found that broad‐spectrum parental contribution across different functions impedes the development of dynamic capability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of the Value Chain in International Joint Ventures

Summary

This paper examines differences in the resource profile and experience of Sino-foreign joint ventures located in the two sectors: non-consumer electronics and fast moving consumer goods [FMCG]. It identifies key dimensions along which the two sectors differ and considers the implications for joint ventures. The impact of sectoral differences suggests that the industrial sector of China into which a foreign company invests is of consequence, especially for the business priorities of Chinese partners and for the ease with which a joint venture can be managed through the foreign partner's corporate network. Foreign partners are likely to find more flexibility, and a greater opportunity to influence joint venture management in the FMCG sector compared with non-consumer electronic sector. The physical and infrastructural features of the sectors appear to be particularly consequential for managing an investment in China, and they may be more significant than institutional factors.     

我国高新技术产业三资企业全要素生产率的估算和分析

本文利用1996年到2006年的数据和柯布——道格拉斯生产函数,估算了我国五个高新技术产业三资企业的全要素生产率、索洛剩余和各要素对产出的贡献率,结果发现在不同高新技术产业三资企业中,劳动力、资本和技术进步对产出增长的贡献份额是有差异的,但我国总体上是属于资本投资驱动型增长。详细地分析了技术进步对不同高新技术产业三资企业产出增长贡献份额不同的原因,并探讨了相应的对策建议,为我国进一步提高利用外资的质量和水平提供有益的思路。     

Relational Capital and Performance of International Joint Ventures in Vietnam

Relational capital (RC), which is defined as mutual trust, respect, understanding, and close friendship between individuals in a business partnership, is one of the foremost important elements of the international joint venture (IJV) relationship. However, only relatively few researchers have hitherto attempted to measure this concept or its antecedents and consequences on joint ventures (JVs). This article examines the links between RC and relational factors, such as inter-partner flexibility, cultural sensitivity, goal clarity, information exchange and conflict management, and how RC contributes to performance of the IJVs in Vietnam. Based on an extensive questionnaire survey, the study found significant relationships between these relational factors and RC and between RC and performance of the IJVs. The findings suggest that investment in RC between partners is critical for the success of the IJV. In this regard, this research highlights the mediating roles of inter-partner flexibility, goal clarity, and conflict management.     

A Multicultural Joint Venture Under the Post-Developmental State in Singapore

As a multi-cultural country with a British colonial past hosting many different ethnic groups including Westerners, Singapore juggles with the often conflicting forces of Westernization (holding the promise of economic prosperity) and Asianization (holding the promise of a distinct cultural identity). Although the endorsement of ‘Asian values’ by Singapore political leaders such as Lee Kuan Yew may be seen as a mere rhetoric device to either explain ethnic Chinese business success or the Asian crisis, the question needs to be raised as to the ways in which the Asian Values discourse affects both Western and Asian MNCs operating in Singapore. In order to address this question, this article investigates the participation of a European–Japanese joint venture in a large government-sponsored reclamation project in Singapore. It is a rather unique situation in which the state as paymaster has the upper hand over the partners. The investigation shows that reference to ‘Asian values’ is a significant boundary-marking strategy used by both the Singapore government and the joint venture partners to manipulate the power balances in this triangular relationship. The outcome is more often than not advantageous for the Singapore state.     

关于合资铁路产权制度改革的探讨

通过分析合资铁路在管理体制上存在的问题,提出了产权制度改革的对策.只有实行产权制度改革,构建多元投资主体,拓宽融资渠道,引入市场机制,规范经营管理,真正维护投资各方的合法权益,才能使合资铁路持续健康地发展.     

Loyalty to Social Ventures in Social Media: The Role of Social Cause Involvement,Identification, and Commitment

Recently, more social organizations are engaging in market transactions to achieve financial self-reliance. In today’s highly competitive market, it is imperative for such social ventures to bolster long-term support from their consumers through every possible point of access, such as social media. Given the importance of social media in enhancing customer relationships, this study examines factors that promote consumers’ loyalty toward social ventures, focusing on intentions to participate in cause-related activities and opinion-sharing behavior via social media. Data obtained from 304 US consumers confirmed that consumer involvement, identification, and commitment were key determinants of consumer loyalty in social media. The results also showed that the effect of involvement was mediated by identification and commitment. The findings suggest that social ventures should not only attract interested segments through social media, but also engage and enhance their sense of belonging and commitment.     

Performance,Partner Relationship,and Ownership Change in International Joint Ventures: The Case of Korean Firms in Asia

This article examines how interorganizational factors in two-party international joint ventures (IJVs) affect subsequent IJV ownership changes. It specifically examines the primary impact of IJV performance and the moderating impacts of initial ownership structures, and duration. Utilizing a data set of Korean foreign direct investment, the authors find that the ownership structures of IJVs with lower performance are more likely to change. The authors also find that unbalanced ownership promotes subsequent ownership changes, whereas longer IJV duration retards ownership changes in even lower-performing IJVs. The findings imply that relational changes reflected in IJV ownership depend on shared bargaining power and relational solidarity.     

政府农村投入对城乡收入差距的长期影响

加大政府对农村的支农、义务教育和医疗卫生投入是缩小城乡收入差距的有效途径之一。本文通过运用协整理论、向量误差修正(VEC)模型、脉冲响应函数方法以及基于向量自回归的Granger因果关系检验,验证了政府在农村的支农投入、义务教育投入、医疗卫生投入与城乡收入差距之间的长期关系。政府在农村的支农投入、义务教育投入及医疗卫生投入与城乡收入差距构成长期显著的均衡关系;政府在农村的支农投入、义务教育投入、医疗卫生投入对缩小城乡收入差距有显著的长期影响。     

Paths of the least resistance: understanding how motives form in international retail joint venturing

Developing the premise that strategies are forged through an ongoing mutual process of developing motives and responses to multiple degrees of resistance, this paper examines the motives underpinning the adoption of joint venture strategies using empirical details from four British retail firms. The findings point to multiple motives forming from multiple paths of resistance in the foreign market, but also among individuals within the firm as well as across the whole international programme. Moreover, this study reveals a paradoxical tension between management's operational impatience to immediately ground the retail format and an overall wariness or gloomy perceptions associated with adopting an international retail joint venture. The paper therefore concludes that the motives and barriers are manifestations of the struggles involved in internationalising retail operations.     

中国汽车产业投入要素贡献度研究

文章利用2002～2006年的部分中国汽车企业集团的数据,通过建立相应的面板数据模型,分析汽车产业各投入要素对我国汽车产业产出的影响.结果表明,我国汽车产业以劳动密集型为主,研发投入及相关政策扶持其发展起一定作用.相对而言,人力资本因素影响较小.在此实证研究基础上,作者给出了发展中国汽车产业的相关政策建议.     

西部地区计划生育投入状况分析

本文分析了西部地区人口与计划生育现状 ,指出投入不足是造成西部地区计划生育工作薄弱的原因之一。文章利用有关资料 ,求出了西部地区计划生育经费的缺口。文章强调 ,因多种原因 ,西部地区计划生育工作的成本较高 ,效率较低 ,地方财政力量单薄 ,因而需要中央财政在投入方面予以倾斜     

How to retain local senior managers in international joint ventures: The effects of alliance relationship characteristics

How can international joint ventures keep their local senior managers from quitting? Drawing on international business literature, social exchange theory, and social integration theory, this study examines how the characteristics of an alliance relationship affect local senior managers' turnover intentions. The findings from 139 ventures in China show that decision-making participation and social integration help retain local senior managers. However, the effects of participation and social integration decrease with high levels of foreign ownership control. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.