关键货币境外余额的国际政治经济学——美国的境外美元管理及其对中国的影响

关键货币境外余额是重要的国际经济变量,它不仅会影响关键货币的国际地位和全球金融市场稳定,也关系到境外关键货币持有国的经济稳定和储备资产安全。关键货币国通过经济、外交甚至军事手段对境外货币余额的规模、资产配置、地区分布以及持有者结构实施管理,以便实现对外融资、获取经济安全和榨取财富等多重目标。在金融危机背景下,基于经济安全、国际博弈和对外融资的目的,美国大致会阶段性地吸引美元回流并调控其在国外的分布,但美元霸权地位和美国国内的两党政治体制将使其境外美元余额的规模在长期内进一步扩张,因此人民币近期仍面临升值压力,欧洲和新兴市场国家金融动荡将会持续甚至加剧。随着中国国内资产价格的下跌,美元的升值和回流在中期时段内可能会冲击中国宏观经济稳定;如果美国不能控制其财政赤字,中国将长期面临美债和美元违约的巨大风险。中国需要降低宏观脆弱性,加速调整经济发展模式,从根本上摆脱美元陷阱。     

The Euro and the Dollar, 1998

There is no immediate prospect for the euro to become an anchor currency outside Central Europe and the Mediterranean. Still, a successful euro could deepen European financial markets and attract more international investment to the euro area. The prospect of substantial portfolio shifts into the euro, however, does not justify forecasts that the new currency will appreciate against the dollar over an extended time horizon. Liability managers outside the euro area should also find the enhanced liquidity and improved diversification possibilities of euro-denominated debt attractive.     

美元贬值对美国经常账户影响的估值效应分析

本文运用资产组合模型和协整计量方法,论证了美元汇率变化所带来的估值效应对美国经常账户调节的影响。分析结果表明,美元贬值引致的估值效应很小,再加上美元贬值可能使美国短期债务利率上升,这就很容易抵销掉贬值所带来的估值收益。因此,美国巨大的贸易赤字不可能通过美元贬值所带来的估值效应得以纠正。     

论货币替代、美元化与货币错配

货币替代、美元化与货币错配是发展中国家在经济和金融全球化过程中所普遍面临的问题,三者都会对其宏观经济稳定造成巨大的不利影响。它们在现象上非常相似,相互之间的联系也非常密切,但是在本质上具有不同的内涵,在形成机制等方面也不同。     

美国经济增长的动力结构与美元均衡汇率

本文认为,美国依靠美元的特权,通过资源的全球配置,构筑了资产膨胀推动借贷消费不断扩张的经济增长模式。美国的汇率政策是以维持其增长模式的可持续性为目标,美国的均衡汇率是要实现如下均衡：其一是既能确保享受美元霸主的利益,又不至于导致国际货币体系的危机冲击到它自身;其二是既能保持美国在国际产业分工中的竞争优势,又能享受别国的实体经济资源,并维护别国对美国的增长需求;其三是既能源源不断地吸引外国对美国的直接投资和间接投资,又不至于导致资产价格过度膨胀。美国的汇率A略是努力促使名义汇率变动收敛于符合自身利益的均衡汇率。     

Exchange rate volatility,sectoral trade,and the aggregation bias

This paper proposes a sectoral theoretical model in an imperfect competition framework, with country-specific and industry-specific original variables, notably factor productivity, scale economies, or product differentiation. It is then empirically estimated in a panel data model, at a sectoral and geographical disaggregation level, to test the impact of exchange rate volatility on G-7 countries' exports. Economies of scale are estimated from a non-linear translog production system. Two exchange rate volatility measurements have been used: the moving sample standard deviation and the GARCH approach. The main finding shows that the impact of exchange rate volatility on exports varies considerably, depending on the industry covered and the export destination markets. As a consequence, there is both a sectoral and geographical aggregation bias when estimating the effects of exchange rate variations. JEL no. F1, F12, F14     

收益波动与随机冲击的非对称性影响：中国与美国股票市场的对比

通过讨论股票收益与随机;中击之间的关系,对中国股票市场和美国股票市场进行了对比研究。研究中使用了中国上海和深圳股票市场1990年12月31日至2005年12月30日的两市A股算术平均周指,以及美国股票市场1973年1月2日至2004年月12月30日的标准普尔500周指。在进行经验研究的过程中,分别使用了线性GARCH模型和GJR—GARCH模型计量股票收益的条件波动——即模型中的条件方差。研究发现,中国股票市场自1990年——1995年波动剧烈,之后波动趋于平缓,而美国股票市场在研究期间内收益波动一直处于一定范围内。同时还发现,美国股票市场的随机冲击对股票收益产生非对称性影响,即负冲击使股票收益产生的波动大于正冲击。而在中国股票市场却找不到相似的证据。鉴于对中国股票市场收益波动的研究结果,在剔除1996年以前的数据之后又进行了扩展研究,但是似然比率检验结果表明,正冲击对股票收益的影响还要略强于负冲击。     

Economic Fluctuations in the U.S. and Euro Area: Quantifying the Contribution of Technical Change

This article aims at quantifying the contribution of technical change to cyclical fluctuations in the U.S. and euro area. We distinguish technical progress in labor-augmenting and capital-augmenting change. To this end, we derive and estimate a New Keynesian DSGE model embodying a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function for both areas. Our main findings are: (i) capital-augmenting progress is the main source of technical change volatility; (ii) labor-augmenting shocks give a negligible contribution to the variance of output; (iii) technical change (of both types) explains more economic fluctuations in the U.S. than in the euro area; and (iv) historical decomposition of GDP growth over our sample period (1980–2008) shows that capital-augmenting progress is one of the key drivers of the business cycle.     

国际分工体系视角的货币国际化:美元和日元的典型事实

本文基于分工程度和市场交易效率的交互作用,从国际分工体系的角度来阐述国际货币的本质含义。国际货币的形成基于这样的经济系统:它具有良好的制度安排,市场交易效率与分工程度之间良性循环。在此基础上,形成了在国际分工中具有强势地位的国家,而货币国际化过程就是其分工优势进一步扩展。本文考察了美元和日元在国际化过程中的典型事实,特别分析了日元国际化的奇异之路,进一步揭示了国际分工地位在货币国际化进程中所发挥的基础性作用。     

(De-)Stabilizing two-country macroeconomic interactions in an estimated model of the U.S. and the Euro Area

In this paper a semi-structural macroeconomic model based on gradually adjusting wages and prices and hybrid, cross-over inflation expectation formation is analyzed and estimated with aggregate data of the U.S. and the Euro Area. Besides comparing, among other things, the determinants of the wage- and price inflation dynamics in both economies, the role of different macroeconomic transmission channels for the stability of the two-country system is investigated.     

The Economics Olympics: Ranking U.S. Economics Departments Based on Prizes,Medals, and Other Awards

This study ranks the top 25 U.S. economics departments on the basis of four prestigious awards won/held by these departments' current faculty: the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, the John Bates Clark Medal, the American Economic Association's (AEA's) Distinguished Fellow Award, and the American Economic Association's Richard T. Ely Lecturer. Based on our methodology, the top economics department is affiliated with the University of Chicago. This distinction stems from its affiliation with six Nobel Prize winners, four Clark Medal winners, and two participants each in the AEA Distinguished Fellow and Richard T. Ely Lecturer categories.     

美国金融监管改革及其面临的挑战

美国金融监管制度的改革方案及其实施效果,将是影响全球金融监管改革、全球金融市场稳定、国际金融体系重构等问题的主要因素,对21世纪世界经济和金融的稳定健康发展具有重要意义。本文分析了当前全球金融经济危机的根源,揭示了以金融证券化与美国金融监管放松等为主要特征的金融自由化浪潮在此次全球金融经济危机中的作用;详细阐述了美国金融监管改革方案的主要内容,并从金融监管框架、美联储职能以及金融业薪酬激励制度等层面,深入评价了美国金融监管改革方案;最后,从国内金融利益集团、国际金融监管竞争和现代金融发展模式等3个方面研究了美国进一步推行金融监管改革将面临的主要挑战。     

The gorbachev economic proposals and the U.S. economy

Invited address at the Twenty-Fourth Atlantic Economic Society Conference, September 3–5, 1987, New York, New York.     

论美国对华反倾销的不公平性及因应策略

美国是最早建立反倾销法律制度的国家之一,也是发起反倾销行动最为频繁的国家。迄今,美国已经对中国出口产品发起120余起反倾销调查案,其中多数导致中国产品最终被迫退出美国市场。究其原因,除了法律层面的保护外,与美国长期对中国产品采取特殊的反倾销规则和方法所导致的扭曲是分不开的。本文从法律制度和反倾销实践两个方面论述了美国对华反倾销的不公平性,并在此基础上就中国政府、企业和相关组织如何预防和纠正美国对华反倾销不公平性提出意见和建议。     

Factors That Account for the Large Variations in U.S. Export Prices

Using product level U.S. export data from 1989 to 2001, there is evidence that U.S. exporters price discriminate across markets. Variation in the quality of the products is one reason for the observed price differentiation. U.S. exporters also price discriminate based on transaction costs. Finally, U.S. exporters practice pricing-to-market and this pricing strategy is another source of the variations in U.S. export prices. Some of these conclusions though are weakened when export prices toward the center of the price distribution are considered. JEL no. F14     

美国金融防火墙制度演变及其对我国的启示

本文对金融防火墙的含义、具体作用及其在美国的发展演变等进行了全面的分析。我国未来金融业的混业经营将采取控股公司这一组织模式,因此借鉴美国金融防火墙的经验,制定科学合理的金融控股公司监管措施,对于实现我国金融业经营模式的稳步转型具有重要意义。