论银行保函在国际一般货物贸易中的运用

在简要介绍银行保函一般知识的基础上,重点分析付款保函,履约保函,预付款保函三种常用银行保函在一般国际货物贸易中的运用,及其与信用证操作相比具有的明显优势和特点.希望能在国际贸易结算方式的选择上,对出口商有一定的借鉴意义.     

国际工程承包项目中保函的种类和作用

目前，绝大多数的国际工程承包项目都采用公开招标的办法来选择承包商，在投标和合同执行过程中，为了保护业主的利益，业主在投标文件和合同文件中要求投标人或承包商提供保函。在投标过程中投标人递交的保函称为投标保函。评标过程结束后，业主选定了某一投标人作为该项...     

浅谈国内机械设备交易中的银行保函

银行保函广泛的应用于国内机械设备交易的各个环节中。本文首先介绍银行保函及其特点,以及在国内机械设备交易中常见的银行保函类型和开立方式,并结合实际说明保函费用。最后,分析银行保函的风险原因,指出如何在办理保函业务的事前、事中、事后分段进行管理和控制。     

浅谈银行保函

银行保函是指银行应委托人的申请而开立的有担保性质的书面承诺文件，一旦委托人未按与受益人签订合同的约定偿还债务或履行约定义务时．由银行履行担保责任。它有以下两个特点：     

银行保函适用的国际惯例及适用时应注意的问题

银行保函作为一个有效的担保工具,在国际贸易以及国际工程承包项目中被广泛运用。了解并掌握与银行保函相关的国际惯例,利用其规则保护自身合法权益并减少相关的法律风险,是企业开展银行保函业务的现实需要。在银行保函中仅仅约定无条件的、不可撤销的等内容,并不能必然得出该保函是独立担保的结论,银行保函需要法官同时根据保函的内容、当事人的交易习惯等进行综合判断是否符合独立担保的法律特征。因此,如果有可能,应当尽可能在保函中对能够体现独立保函法律特征的内容(条款)进行具体明确的约定。同时,需要根据保函的特点和性质约定保函适用相应的国际惯例。     

银行保函关键风险识别及应对策略

在境外实施工程承包项目过程中,开具银行保函是中国承包商无法规避的,这也是为了保障各方利益、降低项目风险所采取的措施之一。本文针对银行保函有效期风险、索赔风险、转让风险、注销风险等,提出了相应的应对措施,有利于提高风险管理水平,保障中国承包商的利益,降低境外项目的实施风险。     

浅谈国际贸易结算中的银行保函问题

2000年,一自称河南客商的外地人来到马王堆某汽车销售公司,要求购买汽车数十台,其出示了一张金额为497万元的商业承兑汇票和一份字面显示为中国农业银行河南西平县支行出具的保函,保函担保金额高达500万元。当时,长沙市农行南同支行的工作人员也在洽谈现场,当时他们对保函就产生了质疑,因为农行规定只有省级分行才有权出具保函, 西平县支行系县级支行,根本无权出具保函,另外,保函有专用表格和格式,而这张保函是用经头文件纸打印的,不符合规定。农行工作人员马上要求对保函进行真伪鉴定,经与河南农行联系,确认这张保函是假的,其公章、私章皆系伪造。由于农行的及时参与和识别,使该汽车销售公司避免了巨额经济损失。“河南客商”在核实保函时借故溜走。     

国际工程保函管理探讨

当前,中国国际工程承包事业有了突飞猛进的发展,在国外市场捷报频传,不断中标大型工程项目或超大型工程项目。但是在不断中标大型项目的同时,我们也应该保持一份冷静。作为国际工程的一个重要特点,保函也越开越多、金额越开越大,其中蕴藏的风险需要我们深入思考,在收获喜悦的同时也应该最大限度地规避风险。     

国际工程承包业主保函欺诈的应对与防范

正国际工程承包是一个竞争日益激烈的买方市场,因此业主一般会要求承包商提供银行保函。不仅如此,越来越多的业主为了更有效地保障自身利益,会要求承包商提供见索即付保函或者其他类似的独立性银行保函。由于这类独立保函本身具有独立性、单据性和无条件性的特点,因此为一些业主实施欺诈行为、骗取保函项下的款项提供了可乘之     

国际承包工程中的银行保函

(一) 在国际承包工程中,当事一方为避免因对方违约而遭受损失,要求对方提供可靠的担保,这是国际上公认的正常保障措施。担保的形式很多,常见的有以下几种。1.业主要求承包方提供的有:(1)第     

Standardization of intermediate goods and international trade

Abstract.  This paper analyzes the relationship between standardization of intermediate inputs and international trade. We employ a two-country, general equilibrium model with differentiated manufacturing goods. Production of manufacturing goods requires specific intermediate inputs, which can be either specialized or standardized. Standardization and the pattern of trade are determined endogenously in our model. In this framework we derive the effects of trade integration, that is, a decline in trading costs for intermediate goods, on the equilibrium outcome.     

当前检务保障工作面临的问题、原因及对策

检务保障工作是确保各项检察工作顺利开展的保障平台,是推进检察事业发展的坚实条件,是检察机关履行法律监督职能的坚实后盾。当前检务保障工作面临着经费保障增幅与财政收入增幅的比例不协调、检察经费基数低、经费保障不平衡等问题。问题的原因在于地方经济发展缓慢、办案成本普遍提高、财政预算方法不合理、经费保障机制不合理。要通过加强制度建设、确保经费供给、围绕工作大局、更新服务理念、坚持以人为本、提升综合素质来解决当前的问题。     

Intermediate goods trade and international wage convergence in Central Europe

The recent literature on international outsourcing points out that cross-border fragmentation of production processes may foster the convergence of international factor prices. This paper makes a first attempt to analyze this hypothesis empirically using a small panel of NACE 2-digit wage data of three Central and Eastern European economies.     

Keynes,the socialisation of trade,and international monetary institutions

While Keynes began formulating his ideas concerning the post-WWII international financial system in the early 1940s, the genesis of these ideas can be traced to his earlier work. The Keynes Plan represents the culmination of his search for adequate institutions that guide economic activity for the public good. The reasons given by Keynes for the establishment of an International Clearing Bank are relevant in the modern international economy, given the current imbalances in international trade. As Keynes argued for the socialisation of investment as a method to achieve full-employment in the domestic economy, he argued for the “socialisation of trade” as a method to achieve international economic balance among nations.     

Analyzing the role of mutual guarantee societies on bank capital requirements for small and medium-sized enterprises

This paper analyzes the impact of the guarantee provided by mutual guarantee societies (MGSs) on the risk premium that banks should charge for small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) loans under the new Basel Capital Accords (Basel II and III). We also examine whether the foreseeable decrease in the theoretical credit risk premium would be compensated by the cost of the MGS guarantee. To do so, we develop a rating system for SMEs that uses a large sample of Spanish firms over the period from 2005 to 2009. We find that the final effect of the guarantee on the SME risk premium depends on the values taken by the credit variables of the MGS (essentially, the probability of default).     

汇丰银行竞争性合作的启示

银行同业的关系已经由单纯的对抗性抗争发展到竞争性合作，英国汇丰集团作为金融界的巨头之一，其采取的竞争性合作战略在其发展壮大中起了重要作用。文章认为，在收购兼并中发展壮大是其竞争性合作的结果，提供金融化的金融服务是其合作优势的体现，全球化的资本运营是其银证合作的成功，这些都对国有商业银行的改革与发展有重要的参考价值．     

Loan guarantee schemes in the UK: the natural experiment of the enterprise finance guarantee and the 5 year rule

Loan guarantee schemes have existed since 1953 (in the US) and are widely used throughout the world to provide financial support to smaller firms by guaranteeing loans from commercial banks. The UK government has been an active supporter of loan guarantees since 1981, and has a long track record of modifying its scheme to reflect changing market conditions and the financing needs of its SME sector. Arguably the two most significant changes occurred in 2008 when the 5-Year Rule on eligibility was removed and in 2009 when the long-standing Small Firms Loan Guarantee Scheme was replaced by the Enterprise Finance Guarantee Scheme. We treat the removal of the 5-Year Rule as a natural policy experiment and empirically question whether, on economic grounds, this was a sensible policy. Our findings suggest that the 5-Year Rule was a better policy choice with regard to employment but had no impact on sales growth.     

The strategy of trade sanctions in international environmental agreements

This paper analyzes the links between policies aimed at supplying a global public good and international trade in segmented markets. I find that the credible threat to impose trade sanctions may be capable of sustaining full cooperation in the supply of the public good, provided the sanctions are accompanied by a minimum participation clause which serves to coordinate government behavior. In equilibrium, trade is not restricted. But if the threat to impose sanctions were not allowed by the rules of the game, supply of the public good would be Pareto-inefficient.