推行职工持股计划 增强国有企业活力

实行内部职工持股,是国有企业实行多元化的新探索。国有企业内部职工持股是实现资本优化,重组和扩张以及企业收入再分配,资源合理配置的重要环节。但同时,在我国推选内部职工持股,目前还存在着许多社会问题,也引起理论界的激烈争论。本文从产权制度安排,法人治理结构,分配制度等方面对如何看待内部职工持股问题如何评价内部职工持股在国企改革中的重要作用,如何解决因内部职工持股而引发的一系列问题作一一探讨。     

Employee stock ownership and job attitudes: Does culture matter?

The large majority of the existing research on the attitudinal effects of employee stock ownership is Anglo-Saxon by nature. Considering that the cultural relativity of management practices is largely documented in the cross-cultural management literature, the international external validity of existing evidence can be questioned. Since virtually no past studies have addressed this issue, it seems important to wonder to what extent cultural values determine the attitudinal effects of employee stock ownership. According to the Lytle et al. [Lytle, A. L., Brett, J. M., Barsness, Z. I., Tinsley, C. H., & Janssens, M., (1995). A paradigm for confirmatory cross–cultural research in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 17, 167–214] paradigm, four cultural dimensions have been identified as likely moderators of the employee ownership–attitudes relationships and some theoretical propositions have been generated. Finally, some adaptations in the employee stock ownership plan's design and communication are recommended in order to improve its attitudinal effects in different cultural settings.     

企业创新人力投入强度规模效应的分位点回归研究

约瑟夫·熊彼特提出“企业规模越大越有利于创新”的假设,国内外学者使用不同的方法对“假设”进行了实证的检验,所得结论不尽相同。本文运用分位点回归方法估计带惩罚的非参数回归模型,寻找企业科技活动人力投入强度、R＆D活动人力投入强度与企业人员规模之间的各种关系,研究结果表明“熊彼特假设”对上海大中型工业企业不完全成立,两种人力投入强度与企业人员规模之间存在着倒U型、多峰型、水平直线型和非标准V型等多种关系。     

Employee perspectives on communication and consultation: findings from a cross-national survey

Highlighting the ongoing significance of national models of employment relations, this paper examines whether variation in communication and consultation practices between countries is reflected in employee perceptions. Drawing upon a survey of around 3,500 employees in four European countries – France, Germany, Italy and the UK – the paper explores whether workers' views on various aspects of communication and consultation are similar or different. It finds that there are certain similarities, with particular types of information and forms of communication being valued across the countries. However, differences are also identified. It is suggested that national institutions may well shape employee expectations about the nature of communication and consultation, feeding through to how satisfied they are with these processes.     

Employee reactions to voice and choice in the workplace: the influence of culture

The present study investigated the effect of culture on a much-prescribed management practice, that of employee participation in decision making. A survey was conducted among employees from two countries culturally distinct in the dimensions of power distance and individualism, namely Canada and the Philippines. Given eight decision-making scenarios that varied in terms of whether voice and/or choice was given to the employee and in terms of the importance of the outcomes, the respondents were asked about their perceptions of fairness of the procedures and outcomes, satisfaction with the procedures and outcomes, and preference for the decision-making procedures. Results show a highly significant country decision-making mode outcome importance interaction effect, but not in the directions expected. Overall, the Philippine sample registered more positive reactions to participation in decision making, although the Philippines' higher rank in power distance and lower rank in individualism than Canada seem to indicate otherwise. The results, together with a previous study conducted in high power distance-low individualism Mexico, forcefully suggest that employee participation in decision making may be successfully transferred.     

股权治理结构与盈余质量:后股权分置时代的经验证据

本文以后股权分置时代为背景,以2008年非金融类上市公司为样本,研究上市公司股权治理结构与会计盈余质量之间的关系,得到以下结论:第一大股东持股比例与盈余质量显著负相关;最终控制人的国有性质与盈余质量显著正相关;其他大股东的制衡能力没有对上市公司盈余质量产生实质性的影响;当最终控制人为国有性质时,流通股比例与盈余质量显著正相关;机构投资者持股比例与盈余质量显著负相关,表明机构投资者的存在显著降低了上市公司盈余质量.     

中小物流企业员工培训模式研究

通过对中小物流企业员工素质特点分析指出培训的必要,进而对培训现状进行分析,提出中小物流企业员工不同职位不同职级在不同的时间都有不同的培训需求,按此将培训分为入职培训和在职培训两类,其中入职培训包括公司入职培训和部门入职培训,在职培训包括轮训、经理人培训、整训和员工自我学习,最后针对每一类培训设计了相应的培训内容和方法。     

悖论思维对创造力的“过犹不及”效应研究

悖论思维帮助个体发现对立事物间的联系,有利于创造性想法或创意的生成,但过高水平的悖论思维极易导致认知过载,使个体无暇顾及需要想象力和灵感的创造性活动。基于"过犹不及效应",本文提出悖论思维对员工创造力产生非线性影响。同时,根据能力-动机-机会(AMO)的理论框架,探索个人学习能力在这一关系中的中介作用,以及领导调节聚焦行为的调节作用。本文认为:悖论思维与员工创造力呈倒U型关系,个人学习能力在上述关系中起中介传导作用,领导促进型聚焦行为强化了变量间的间接关系,而领导防御型聚焦行为削弱了变量间的间接关系。通过对313名员工的三阶段调查分析,数据支持了本研究提出的假设。虽然适度的悖论思维有助于员工提升学习能力,但过度的悖论思维反而会降低员工学习效率进而削弱员工创造力,领导调节聚焦行为决定了员工是否能完成学习能力到创造力的转化。研究结论为员工创造力的影响因素研究提供了新思路,引导企业通过甄选员工和调整领导行为来激发员工创造力。     

Psychological ownership and organizational optimism amid China's corporate transformation: effects of an employee ownership scheme and a management-dominated board

Ownership reform was introduced to Chinese state-owned enterprises in the early 1990s, to allow employees to own a share of their enterprises and to bring changes to the underlying structure of governance. However, effectiveness of this reform has yet to be ascertained. This study examines the effects of the new employee stock ownership scheme and board compositions on the attitudes employees hold towards their jobs and organizations, as well as their perceptions of ownership. We developed a theoretical model on how participation in a stock ownership scheme (an employee's characteristic) and the composition of the board of governance (a firm characteristic) may be linked to job satisfaction and, in turn, to outcome variables such as psychological ownership and organizational optimism. This model was tested on 510 employees randomly sampled from ten stock-holding enterprises in urban Shanghai. Results indicate that participation in a stock ownership scheme has a positive effect on attitudes towards ownership, but that a board dominated by senior managers leads to gloomy perception of a firm's future. These effects were partially mediated by the satisfaction that employees felt in their jobs. The implications of these findings for management practices in China are discussed.     

Employee perceptions of HR practices: A critical review and future directions

Abstract

Scholars are directing more attention to employee perceptions of human resources (HR) practices and have explored issues such as whether and how employees’ idiosyncratic or collective perceptions of HR practices shape employee outcomes. To further this area of research, we seek to determine what authors mean when they refer to “employee perceptions of HR practices”. We review 105 articles from leading human resource management journals and find that employee perceptions of HR practices is not a monolithic concept. Rather, following previous scholars, we identify three distinct components of employee perceptions of HR practices: the ‘what’, ‘how’, and ‘why’. We critically summarize extant literature on these three components of employee HR perception and propose future research directions, including enriching the theoretical foundations of HR communication, embracing cross-national contexts, and enhancing practical relevance.     

国内员工帮助计划(EAP)研究综述

与国外相比,国内EAP在实践操作和理论研究方面取得的成绩都非常有限,发展有待加快。为使EAP在国内更好地立足、发展,需要从质和量上加强EAP理论研究及投入更多精力开展高质量实践探索,发挥EAP对促进员工身心健康、提高组织绩效以及构建和谐社会的积极作用。     

员工建言发生和领导者建言采纳:权力感的视角

员工建言对组织决策、创新和绩效有着重要的影响。这些积极作用的发挥取决于两个重要过程:员工建言发生和领导者建言采纳。本文从权力感视角出发,探究了权力感对员工建言发生和领导者建言采纳的影响机制。本文主要包括三部分内容:一是员工权力感促进建言想法形成(员工建言发生的第一阶段)的机制研究;二是员工权力感促进其建言表达(员工建言发生的第二阶段)的机制研究;三是领导者权力感对其建言采纳的影响机制。本研究在理论上完善和拓展了权力感视角下的建言研究,在实践上为组织管理员工建言提供了借鉴意义。     

领导者攻击型幽默对员工偏差行为的影响

本研究探讨了领导者攻击型幽默对员工偏差行为的影响,以及心理契约违背的中介作用和敌意归因风格的调节作用。对325份员工-同事配对问卷调查数据进行分析,结果表明:领导者攻击型幽默与员工的领导指向偏差行为、组织指向偏差行为均显著正相关,心理契约违背在这一关系间起部分中介作用,敌意归因风格正向调节领导者攻击型幽默与心理契约违背的关系,即敌意归因水平越高,领导者攻击型幽默对心理契约违背的正向作用越强。此外,敌意归因风格正向调节领导者攻击型幽默影响领导指向偏差行为和组织指向偏差行为的间接效应,即敌意归因水平越高,领导者攻击型幽默通过心理契约违背影响领导指向偏差行为和组织指向偏差行为的间接效应越强。     

Managerial shareholdings, firm value, and acquired corporations

Prior research on the relationship between managerial shareholdings and firm value provides conflicting evidence. We take a different approach to its analysis and focus on managerial shareholdings in acquired firms. We argue that in a relatively unfettered market for corporate control, prior evidence of a nonlinear relationship between moral hazard costs and managerial shareholdings suggests that acquired corporations can be segmented according to managerial shareholdings, and that these segments will differ according to the source of wealth gains, managerial resistance, who acquires the company, and how target shareholders are paid. We find evidence consistent with these predictions.     

企业社会责任特征对员工绿色行为的影响:基于道德决策的机制模型

员工绿色行为作为提升组织环保绩效、促进企业可持续发展的关键因素,越来越多的学者对其进行了深入探讨。然而,现有研究大多从态度、动机和领导者行为等方面考察员工绿色行为的形成过程,忽视了组织特征因素,以及员工内在的道德认知和道德情绪因素的共同作用。本文基于道德决策理论,从理性道德认知和非理性道德情绪出发,建构企业社会责任特征与员工绿色行为的关系模型,并分析员工的道德认知与道德情绪交互作用对员工绿色行为的即时影响。研究结果将从道德决策视角拓展员工绿色行为的理论版图;实践上为培育员工的生态素养、激发员工绿色行为寻求道德动力,为组织环保实践和绿色可持续发展提供管理依据和策略。     

Consultation and communication in family businesses in Great Britain

Nationally representative data on family businesses are available in the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey, alongside comparable information for other types of firms. We use these data to compare differences in the use of different consultation and communication procedures. We cover such practices as the use of direct communication schemes (e.g. briefings; the provision of information on financial performance to the workforce) as opposed to indirect methods such as the use of joint consultative committees. There is an a priori expectation in the literature that family-owned businesses are either more likely to use direct forms of communication (vis-à-vis indirect forms) or that they will not be involved in direct communication or consultation with their employees, and we test this using multivariate techniques. Finally, we consider whether the type of consultation/communication structure matters in terms of establishment performance, and what differences exist with respect to family-owned businesses. In particular, this paper tests if those firms that consult directly with staff, as opposed to those that consult through joint consultative committees or trade unions, have higher productivity and/or other measures of performance. Concurrently we test whether there are separate ‘family business’ effects or whether it is generally establishment size that ‘matters’, by estimating a model for family-owned and non-family-owned establishments. In general, our results show that not only do family-owned establishments have lower levels of communication and consultation, but, when the latter is present, this does not generally translate into greater economic benefits (as is the case in non-family-owned firms).     

Subjective and objective evaluations of teacher effectiveness: Evidence from New York City

A substantial literature documents large variation in teacher effectiveness at raising student achievement, providing motivation to identify highly effective and ineffective teachers early in their careers. Using data from New York City public schools, we estimate whether subjective evaluations of teacher effectiveness have predictive power for the achievement gains made by teachers' future students. We find that these subjective evaluations have substantial power, comparable with and complementary to objective measures of teacher effectiveness taken from a teacher's first year in the classroom.