Public policy and the establishment of large stores in Belgium

Belgian public policy towards retailing has been viewed as being politically motivated and frustrating the ambitions of large retailers by being biased towards independent retailers. This paper analyses the impact of the Business Premises Act on the development of supermarkets and hypermarkets. It concludes that the Act has had an impact although this may have been an unintended one in that retailers have changed behaviour to surmount the Act.     

Should retailers adjust their micro-marketing strategies to type of outlet? An application to location-based store space allocation in limited and full-service grocery stores

Many retailers today operate strategically different types of sites: ‘limited-service’ stores—that offer all core products/services but only a shallow assortment of non-core services—and ‘full-service’ sites with deep lines of both core and non-core services. An important question for these retailers is whether and how to adopt a micro-marketing strategy in each of these formats. In a micro-marketing strategy, retailers tailor their marketing mix to the characteristics of the local market in which each store outlet operates—a central issue being whether the allocation of store space across product categories should be location-specific. This paper (i) examines the conditions for such micro-marketing to be beneficial, and (ii) in particular—how these benefits depend on store format. It also (iii) indicates how the pattern of space adjustments to local conditions should differ between formats. The propositions are tested in a grocery retail setting, for a retail chain operating limited-service supermarkets and full-service hypermarkets. Our results suggest that micro-marketing is beneficial in both types of format. Yet, the appropriate way of localizing space allocation patterns is format-specific. While supermarkets should primarily adjust the space shares of food (core) categories, hypermarkets should primarily adapt the space shares of non-food (non-core) categories to local market conditions. The outcomes of the study have conceptual as well as managerial relevance and may prove useful for multi-format retailers in a wide range of settings.     

Consumer and retailer perceptions of hypermarkets and traditional retail stores in Portugal

Since its appearance in the mid 1980s, the hypermarket is a symbol of the modernisation of Portugal. It has dramatically changed not only the retailing structure in this country but also Portuguese buying behaviour. To better understand these changes, personal interviews were conducted with 500 Braga consumers. In addition, a mailed survey was administered in the same market to 204 traditional retailers. The results show that, for consumers, the hypermarket is the preferred type of retail store for frequently purchased packaged goods, due to its low prices and convenient one-stop shopping. The perception of traditional retailers is that the hypermarkets affected them negatively. The comparative analysis suggests that, although consumers do not have a negative opinion about traditional retail, they do not share the same favourable opinion that traditional retailers have about themselves.     

The expansion of modern trade food retailing in Thailand

With a population of nearly 70 million people, Thailand is a large and attractive emerging market, drawing investments from various foreign food retailers since the 1980s. An economic crash and currency devaluation in 1997 brought both new challenges and opportunities, and led to a renewed wave of expansion, but also calls for regulation, which had not been strictly enforced. Thailand has been host to transnational retailers from many countries, several of which ultimately withdrew. The competitive landscape has continued to evolve, with a range of new store formats, expanded services, smart phone applications and online shopping, and a push to expand both private label brands and ready-to-eat foods. However, some of these offerings appear to have potential conflicts in terms of Thai consumer behaviour. Thai culture places low importance on time; few shop online, and the majority of consumers have low incomes, and thus may not be attracted to visit modern trade retailers for the same reasons as customers in the retailers' home markets. Despite this, Thailand is currently the second largest global market for 7-Eleven and Tesco's number two international market. This presents a paradox in that Tesco operates hypermarkets, while 7-Elevens are convenience stores. Do Thais want hypermarket style volume discounts, or higher priced convenience, or both? Thais traditionally have shopped in wet markets and enjoy fresh foods, which contradicts attempts by many retailers striving to sell ready-to-eat foods. Many Thais are concerned about face and status, which may be a barrier towards buying private label brands. This paper describes the history and expansion of food retailing in Thailand and also highlights how cultural differences may affect consumer behaviour. As the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) aims to open borders more broadly, there will likely be more expansion of stores and potentially more cultural differences. Whether transnational or domestic, food retailers may need to further consider aspects of culture and consumer behaviour to determine whether to adapt their strategies, rather than copy and paste formats from abroad.     

Price matching and product differentiation strategies considering showrooming

Showrooming, a phenomenon in which customers use brick-and-mortar stores to assess products and then purchase them from online retailers (o-retailers) for lower prices, is considered a great threat to traditional retailers (t-retailers). To combat showrooming, many t-retailers have executed price matching which enables customers to pay o-retailers' lower prices for the identical product. To avoid direct competition with t-retailers who execute price matching, many o-retailers have begun to sell differentiated products from t-retailers, which weakens the information advantage to customers from practicing showrooming. Motivated by these observations, we construct a duopoly game, where a t-retailer and an o-retailer sell products in a same category, to study the profitabilities of product differentiation and price matching in the context of showrooming. The results show that in the scenario without price matching, the o-retailer is likely to benefit from product differentiation only when the o-retailer's differentiated product is more popular with customers than the t-retailer's product. However, in the price matching scenario, the o-retailer also has the opportunity to benefit from product differentiation when the o-retailer's differentiated product is less popular with customers than the t-retailer's product, and product differentiation can be a win-win strategy for the two retailers under certain conditions. Considering the o-retailer's product differentiation decision, the t-retailer is only likely to execute price matching if the non-digital attributes of the product category sold by two retailers are not very obvious.     

Cross-buying in retailing: Drivers and consequences

The phenomenon of cross-buying by consumers enables retailers to cross-sell their products and increase revenue contribution from existing customers. The effectiveness of cross-selling can be greatly improved by identifying the drivers of cross-buy and using them to target the right customers. In this study we identify exchange characteristics such as average interpurchase time, ratio of product returns, and focused buying, and product characteristics such as category of first purchase, as important drivers of cross-buy. The impact of marketing efforts of the firm on cross-buy is also identified. The results of the study have important implications for academicians in understanding what drives cross-buying as well as practitioners to help design more effective cross-selling strategies.     

西部地区农产品市场体系建设研究

文章指出,西部地区农产品市场体系建设滞后,农产品流通领域内的经营、交易、管理、服务等组织系统与结构形式不能适应农产品有效流通的要求,制约着农村经济的可持续发展,导致农牧民收入与城镇居民收入差距扩大。文章提出,为进一步完善农产品市场体系,促进西部地区经济发展,应大力发展农民专业合作经济组织,培养农产品经纪人队伍;依靠政府和市场双重力量加快农产品市场建设步伐;发展并推广现代农产品交易方式;大力发展农产品现代物流业;开拓国外市场,拓展西部地区农产品市场空间;加强农民法制观念,提高农民运用法律法规保护自身利益的能力。     

Customer satisfaction's key factors in Spanish grocery stores: Evidence from hypermarkets and supermarkets

The marketing literature has shown how certain attributes of the store are key for grocery retailers to differentiate themselves in the final markets. From this preliminary consideration the present work proposes a step forward by ascertaining the main factors that underlie the attributes of the store which have already been identified in the literature. All of this is taken into account with the object to examine which of these factors presents a greater influence on customer satisfaction. To test the proposed analysis, a sample of 358 Spanish customers that had carried out their purchase in different types of grocery stores (in particular, hypermarkets and supermarkets) has been analyzed considering a key variable of retail patronage behavior: the store format in which the purchase had been carried out. This study has enabled us to obtain interesting conclusions about the variables that have the most influence on customer satisfaction, providing useful managerial recommendations for decision-making in grocery retailing.     

Large format retailers: a French tradition despite reactions

French retailers have initiated large format stores: department stores in the middle of the 19th century and their variety stores; hypermarkets more than a century later. These large format retail stores induced reactions from the French government on several occasions. These reactions consisted in controlling new locations through specific committees. The impact of these reactions did not greatly affect the evolution of large format retail stores like hypermarkets. Regulations hurt variety stores more strongly when they were in competition with hypermarkets, because they were already declining. Otherwise, the hypermarket retail life cycle has not been affected despite some delays. Recent problems could mean the end of development and possibly of maturity stages for these large format retail stores.     

Hypermarkets and the Small Retailers in Malaysia: Exploring Retailers' Competitive Abilities

The emergence of multinational retailers, especially in grocery retailing, has changed the retail scenario in Malaysia over the last decade. In the past, grocery retail formats such as supermarkets, minimarkets, and night markets dominated the Malaysian retail scene, consumers are now given the choice of shopping in large retail outlets where new retail formats such as hypermarkets, warehouse clubs, and superstores now thrive and are increasingly gaining in popularity. Interestingly, large retail concepts are predominantly associated with multinational retailers such as Carrefour, Makro, Giant, and Tesco. The presence of large retailers brings with it the question of dominance and implications of changing customer preferences. This study assesses the perception of small retailers toward their abilities to compete effectively in an industry where large, multinational retailers appear to be dominating. It appears, however, that the small retailers possess distinctive qualities in relation to their strategic inputs that can essentially differentiate them from their larger competitors. It is suggested that some regulatory measures especially by local authorities are necessary, but this must not be to a point of curbing healthy competition among the different types of retailers.     

Grocery pickup creation of value: Customers’ benefits vs. spatial dimension

This article examines an Internet grocery shopping model very frequent in the UK and in France: the grocery pickup system. It strives to answer this research questions: does this system create value for consumers? The methodology relies on in-depth interviews with retailers and data from French retail grocery industries. The exploratory approach through experts’ interviews concerning the content of retailers’ selling propositions for consumers reinforces the theoretical framework related to customers’ value and grocery pickup. It appears that long term value could exist through the satisfaction of functional, experiential and relational benefits responsible for the uniqueness of the retailer's positioning. Given the asymmetry between retailers approach and consumer's one, the second part is focused on a particular aspect of the functional benefit: closeness in retailing. Then, an entropy measurement in a French context from two large samples of 1576 hypermarkets and 1473 grocery pickups are conducted. Results show that grocery pickup locations fulfill this sine qua non successful condition. Nevertheless, it is made evidence that this new channel is most of the time developed in overstored areas.     

农产品微博营销浅谈

由于信息流动不畅以及物流体系不健全等原因,我国农村地区长期面临农产品销售难的问题。微博作为互联网发展的最新产物,给农产品营销带来了众多的优势。通过在微博营销中采取针对性的策略,可以有效拓宽农产品的销售渠道,解决困扰农民和地方政府多年的难题。     

Food retailing strategies in the European Union. A comparative analysis in the UK and Spain

In this paper we analyse differences and similarities in the strategies adopted by the main food retailers operating in the UK and in Spain through the first half of the 1990s. We find seven main profiles of strategic behaviour in each market, including three which have been adopted in similar fashion in both countries (hypermarkets operating on a national scale, small local supermarkets and large supermarkets). We explore possible causes of the similarities and differences in strategic behaviour, and conclude that economic, demographic and cultural factors offer only a very limited explanation. The differences appear rooted in differences in the historical development of the retail industry in both countries, and in specific strategic choices linked to, but not necessary consequences of, those historical differences.     

Sustainability drivers in food retail

Sustainability has become a relevant issue for retailers. We develop an integrated model with three drivers of retailer's investments in sustainability. First, the more their processes, human resources and customer driven capabilities are developed, the more investments in sustainability tend to occur. Second, retailers leverage their relationships with suppliers to invest in sustainability. Third, competition and economic instability may also lead to long run investments in social and environmental. We tested three hypotheses by surveying 101 retailers operating supermarkets, hypermarkets and neighborhood stores that focus mainly on food with a limited offering of general merchandise and apparel. Our results show the importance of customer driven capabilities for investments in sustainability. Communication with the supplier also has an impact on investments, while the process and policies of the supplier relationship do not. Retailers invest in sustainability to coordinate this relationship. Our study sheds light on the drivers for sustainability and offers an understanding of how a retailer may invest further in sustainability.     

An innovation perspective on Chinese retailers' competitive advantage

Given the emergence of strong local retail firms in China over the last two decades, this paper aims to explore their competence enhancement and capability building process from the innovation perspective. Innovative measures on retail format, activity and governance dimensions of three leading local retailers in China are investigated using an in-depth case study approach. After each case is studied on the three dimensions, a cross-case analysis is conducted using thematic analysis to examine their innovative strategies and to explore their sources of innovation. The three cases share notable similarities in their strategies that are in sharp contrast to those of foreign retailers. On the retail format dimension, they have all achieved differentiation by formulating niche strategies and succeeded in creating a strong reputation among customers and retaining the same. On the retailing activities dimension, they have all developed a profit-making model through unique supply chain management and stressed construction of logistics centres and operational standardisation. On the governance dimension, they have established an efficient incentive and reward mechanism to motivate employees and encourage innovative practice. They have also built long-term collaborative relationships with their suppliers. Based on these three cases, it is also found that local embeddedness, latecomers' advantages, business agility and a risk taking entrepreneurial mentality are the crucial factors behind the generation of efficient innovations of China's local retailers. With these findings, this paper has extended and enriched existing knowledge on latecomers' catch up and service innovation. It has constructed an analytical framework for retail innovation by building on relevant attempts in the existing literature. A theoretical framework that explains how indigenous Chinese retailers have managed to successfully compete with foreign retailers in China using innovative strategies has also been established based on empirical data.     

社会主义新农村建设中农村公共产品供给问题的对策研究

农村公共产品供给状况对于中国农业的发展、社会主义新农村的建设具有举足轻重的作用。针对当前农村公共产品供给不足的状况,加强农村公共产品供给体制建设具有很重要的意义。农村公共产品供给不足有其很多原因,急需采取有效的对策与措施来解决农村公共产品供给问题的,这样才能有利于提高和改善农村公共产品的供给效率。     

Does retail type matter? Consumer responses to channel integration in omni-channel retailing

A critical issue faced by marketing practitioners today is orchestrating strategies that provide a smooth consumer experience in an omni-channel environment. The extant literature offers limited guidance on managing the consumer journey in an omni-channel environment across different retail types. Using the S–O-R framework as its basis, this study generates novel insights by examining how different types of retailers influence consumer perceptions of channel integration (CPCI) as well as consumer empowerment, trust, satisfaction, and patronage intention. Data from 736 consumers was collected using purposive sampling to target those who interact with retailers from high-end specialty stores, department stores, and hypermarkets. The data was then analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). We find that consumers from high-end specialty stores, hypermarkets, and department stores have different perceptions when patronising the omni-channel retail business. The implications of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.