零售商自有品牌开发路径探索

零售业自有品牌战略是零售企业应对市场激烈竞争的有效手段,它给零售业和工商企业之间的利益关系带来了深刻的影响。创建自有品牌是我国零售商未来发展的一个重要趋势。本文指出了我国零售商创建自有品牌所面临的制约条件,并针对各制约条件提出了相应对策。     

Effects of intra-brand competition between private labels and manufacturer brands: Empirical results from the Italian market

A proliferation of private labels in European food retailing has been evident for several years now. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of competition between manufacturer brands and private labels on assortment and pricing practices by Italian grocery retailers. Previous studies emphasized both pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of private label development. In this study, within an empirical analysis based on scanner data from Symphony IRI Group, all fast moving consumer goods product categories are investigated over a period of two years (from September 2008 to September 2010). The empirical results indicate that in Italy there is no clear and strong evidence of decreases in manufacturer brands' assortments, prices, and turnover caused by a proliferation of private labels. In particular, analyzing at the same time all categories and all retailers' data in the Italian Market there is not much evidence for the existence of a strategic trade-off between manufacturer's and retailer's brands.     

零售商自有品牌及其竞争效应

目前,零售商开发自有品牌已经成为全球零售业发展的一个显著的特征。自有品牌有助于零售商驱除在位竞争对手或阻止潜在进入,同时也提高零售商在纵向竞争结构中的议价势力,并产生促进竞争效应和反竞争效应。     

The Future of Private Labels: Towards a Smart Private Label Strategy

Modern day store brands (SB) or private labels (PL), now also popularly called private brands, are brands generally owned and marketed by retailers. They have been active on the market for about 70 years. Over this time span, these brands have evolved from generic, cheap, low-quality economy or budget private labels to lower-priced-than-national brand but acceptable-quality value or standard private labels. Over time, retailers extended the value proposition to the consumer segment seeking higher quality by offering premium private labels. This strategy, called the tiered-private label, comprises offering economy PL to the price-sensitive but not quality sensitive consumers, standard PL to mainstream consumers seeking acceptable quality at lower prices, and premium PL to the quality-sensitive segment seeking value. Over the last 40 years (1980–2020), these versions of private labels have witnessed substantial growth around the world, though the growth is said to be tapering in recent times.As retailers chart the future strategy for their private labels in 2020 and beyond, a pertinent question they face is: Should they continue to offer value or even tiered PL with the same formula that brought them success in the past, or should they morph and adopt new strategies in keeping with current market trends? We support adopting a new strategy that we call the smart PL strategy. The value PL strategy and its manifestation as the tiered PL strategy cater to different consumer segments but focus primarily on price and quality as attributes of choice. In the current marketplace, consumers care not only about price and quality, but also about sustainability, ethics, social responsibility, image, so forth, perhaps more so than earlier generations. They are also more tech-savvy in using digital tools for search and purchase. Retailers, on their part, are now endowed with rich, extensive data that they can tap into to understand customers’ diverse needs, and they are able to harness technology for developing the right product and communication. Thus, the smart PL strategy is a strategy by which retailers can leverage data and technology to market private labels that meet diverse customer needs and achieve greater retail differentiation, store loyalty, margins, and profits. This thought piece provides a road map for developing such a smart PL strategy and directions for future research.     

我国地方财政策略性行为研究及空间溢出效应估计

本文基于财政学视角,利用中国省际时空面板数据实证分析了中国地方财政策略性行为的结构性特征,空间外溢性。研究显示,我国地区间财政政策相互影响,地方政府在政策选择上存在策略性博弈行为,税收竞争选择物理空间相邻的地区为对象,而支出竞争选择经济发展水平相近的地区为对象,地区政府主动进行税收竞争和基本建设支出竞争,被动接收民生竞争。地区环境与社会等难以观测因素的变化会对临近地区的财政决策产生冲击,同时本文进一步估计了相关解释变量的空间溢出效应,量化了财政外部性。     

激励农村信用社引进民有资本的战略投资者

农村信用社改革的方向之一是其法人治理结构应体现"民有资本民营"要求,但由于农村信用社的股权高度分散,股东素质低下,自我管理能力薄弱,再加之省级政府(省级联社)强烈的行政干预,导致其法人治理结构呈现"民有资本官营"特征。应通过加大政策扶持力度,激励农村信用社引进民有资本的战略投资者,提高自我管理能力,促使"民有资本官营"回归"民有资本民营"。这将有利于保持农村信用社县(市)法人地位的长期稳定,实现商业化可持续发展目标与增强农村金融服务功能有机统一;强化省级联社的公共服务职能。     

企业社会责任的战略选择与民营企业的可持续发展

本文介绍了一种在国际市场上正逐渐被认可的标准体系———SA8000,即企业社会责任认证体系,对比分析了我国国有企业、三资企业和民营企业履行企业社会责任的现状差别及其原因。在对企业社会责任战略形式进行了分类之后,指出影响企业社会责任战略选择的因素和可能的后果,提出了企业社会责任战略变化的五阶段模型。认为民营企业应该把企业社会责任看成是企业可持续发展的机会和动力,选择企业社会责任战略才是其可持续发展的必要条件和保证。     

A Positive Theory of Private Label: A Strategic Role of Private Label in a Duopoly National-Brand Market

This article offers an economic rationale for national brands to provide private labels to their retailers. We build a game-theoretic model that analyzes the interactions among two national brand manufacturers and one common retailer. In an interesting strategic role, the private label mitigates the promotion competition between the two national brands and provides benefits for all three members in the channel. Our analysis shows that offering a private label can be a credible commitment from a national brand manufacturer that it will not engage in promotions and decrease the incentive of the national brand rival to engage in promotions. In this way, we attempt to provide a reason for why national brand manufacturers provide retailers with private labels in practice. In addition, we discuss the optimal quality level of private labels.     

Horizontal Strategic Alliances and Company Behavior

Abstract

Despite the growing interest over the last ten years in strategic alliances as a source of competitive advantage, such initiatives have often been affected by different sorts of problems during implementation. This paper examines the categories into which such problems can be classified-environmental problems, structural problems, and problems with management attitudes and expectations-and discusses their effect on two cases of horizontal strategic alliances in Brazil.

A pesar del creciente intérs en los últimos diez años con respecto a la utilización de alianzas estratégicas como una fuente para generar ventajas competitivas, estas iniciativas han sido frecuentemente afectadas ppor diferentes tipos de problemas en su fase de implementación. Este artículo examina las categorías en que estos problemas pueden ser clasificados-problemas ambientales, problemas estructurales y problemas inherentes a las actitudes y expectativas de la administración-y discute sus efectos en dos casos de alianzas horizontales en Brasil.

Apesar do crescente interesse a respeito de alianças estratégicas como uma fonte de vantagem competitiva durante os últimos dez anos, essas iniciativas tem sido freqüentemente afetadas por toda a sorte de problemas durante a implementação. Esse trabalho examina as categoriasnas quais esses problemas podem ser classificados-problemas ambientais, problemas estruturais e problemas com as atitudes e as expectativas dos gestores-e discute os seus efeitos sobre dois casos de aliança estratégica horizontal no Brasil.     

The Effect of Product Innovation,Promotion, and Price on Consumer Switching to Private Labels

The channel conflict that exists between retailers and manufacturers of branded products has dynamically shifted as large retailers have expanded their offerings of private label products. This study investigates the ability of consumer packaged goods companies to exert influence in the channel by testing which marketing initiatives implemented by manufacturer brands are more efficient in preventing consumer switching to private labels. We use a hazard model to simultaneously measure the effects due to product innovation, promotion, and price on consumer switching and how strong those effects are. We find that as expected product innovation, promotion, and price exert a negative effect on the consumer likelihood of switching to private labels. However, we find the strongest effect on promotion suggesting the importance of understanding how consumers perceive value in the national brands offer.     

民营企业必须实现三个战略转变

20世纪90年代中期中国经济由短缺经济过渡到买方市场,是民营企业遭遇的一次经营环境的变化,21世纪初的“民工荒”是民营企业在国内遭遇的又一次经营环境的巨变。环境的变化严重冲击民营企业现行的低工资战略、用工策略、经济战略(指以低价销售劣等品、赚取微薄利润的战略),如果不及时实现战略转变,不少民营企业会被淘汰。为了成功迎接挑战,民营企业需要实现战略转变,从低工资战略向效率工资战略转变、从导致员工与企业对立的透支性用工向员工与企业双赢的人力资源管理战略转变,从经济战略向低成本战略或最优成本战略转变。     

信任与战略决策绩效:对中国家族企业高层管理团队的一个实证研究

大量文献讨论了我国私营企业中的“信任”问题;许多轶闻式的证据也表明,私营企业高层管理团队成员的彼此信任程度极大地影响了其绩效和成长。本文试图从高层管理团队的角度,探讨信任与企业战略决策绩效的关系,并揭示高层管理团队内信任的影响因素。通过实证研究发现,我国私营企业高层管理团队内的信任度与团队成员间的社会交往程度有非常密切的联系,同时,信任度直接影响了高管层的战略决策绩效。     

Strategic Implications of Alliances and Networks of Horizontal Portals in Brazil

ABSTRACT

This paper contributes to recent research on strategic networks by making evident the relevance of identifying network implications for the conduct and performance of firms that are embedded in alliance networks and other strategic relationships in a typical industry of the new economy. Through a study of horizontal portals in Brazil from 2000 to 2002, it shows that an assessment of the implications for these firms' networks can provide relational insights for corporate decision-making that could not be found through traditional strategic analyses, such as those of the positioning school or the Resource-Based View.

RESUMEN. Este estudio ofrece una contribución para un análisis realizado recientemente sobre las redes estratégicas, haciendo hincapié en la importancia que se debe dar a la identificación de las implicancias inherentes a estas redes, cuanto al comportamiento y desempeño de las empresas arraigadas en la alianza de redes y otras relaciones estratégicas, en una industria típica de la nueva economía. A través del estudio de los portales horizontales en el Brasil entre los años 2000 y 2002, se demuestra que una evaluación de las implicancias para las redes de dichas empresas puede suministrar una visión relacional para la toma de decisiones corporativas, inexistentes en los análisis estratégicos tradiciones, tales como los elaborados por las escuelas de posicionamiento o bajo la perspectiva denominada Resource-Based View.

RESUMO. O presente estudo contribui para pesquisas recentes sobre redes estratégicas, evidenciando a relevância da identificação das implicaç[otilde]es da rede para a conduta e desempenho das empresas envolvidas de redes e outros relacionamentos estratégicos em um setor típico da nova economia. Por meio da análise dos portais horizontais no Brasil de 2000 a 2002, o estudo mostra que uma avaliação das implicaç[otilde]es para essas redes de empresas pode gerar insights para processos decisórios corporativos que não são encontrados por meio de análises estratégicas tradicionais, como as da escola de posicionamento ou a visão baseada em recursos.     

民营企业进入战略性新兴产业的瓶颈与路径

战略性新兴产业作为推动国民经济发展的重要驱动力之一,具备市场需求前景广、资源能耗低、带动系数大、就业机会多、预期收益高的特征。民营企业是我国经济的重要市场主体,介入战略性新兴产业具有重大的战略意义。但不可否认的是,创新型人才匮乏、高强度资金投入短缺、关键核心技术缺乏、投融资渠道不畅等支撑体系不健全阻碍了民营企业进入战略性新兴产业的步伐。为有效解决民营企业进入战略性新兴产业的瓶颈,文章提出了投融资参股、自主发展、借机转型以及“政产学研”一体化四条可供民营企业选择的发展路径。      

网络效应条件下的扩张战略与对内开放——以服务业中国公司为例

通过对信息技术的成功应用,服务业跨国公司在竞争过程中可以克服传统市场竞争条件下的供方规模经济的限制,能够更快地达到为获得网络效应所要求的临界值,从市场扩张的正反馈中获益。因此,服务业跨国公司的全球经营战略和营销理念正在从在现有的市场内竞争向为未来市场而竞争转变。上述战略从微观角度为在我国进一步对内开放提供了经济学解释．并值得我国企业提高重视程度并在制定企业战略时借鉴。     

民营上市公司的治理机制及治理效应分析

通过对民营上市公司常用的治理机制及治理效应的分析,我们发现:民营上市公司的各种治理机制无论对净资产收益率还是财务综合绩效,都没有太大的解释力,但对托宾Q值却具有极强的解释能力。即使是就托宾Q值而言,股东会议、独立董事规模、两职设置、高管人员薪酬等内部治理机制也没有发挥显著的作用,内部治理机制中的第一大股东具有特别重要的作用。     

战略联盟—中国企业入世后的核心策略

在我国加入WTO之后企业面临更多的机遇与挑战之际 ,研究企业战略联盟这种新的组织形式有着重大的意义。当今世界 ,战略联盟已成为使用最广泛的战略之一 ,它可以使来自不同联盟国家的企业共担风险、共享资源、获取知识、进入新市场。战略联盟包括股权合资企业 ,也包括生产、营销、分销、R&D的非股权协议。所以可以充分取长补短 ,不断地拓展和提高。     

战略性贸易政策理论的新发展

战略性贸易政策理论是在 2 0世纪 80年代初提出并建立的 ,该理论有两个基本模型 ,即第三国市场模型和相互倾销模型。其基本结论认为 :政府可以通过一定的干预政策改变本国厂商与外国厂商之间的博弈关系 ,使博弈的结果有利于本国厂商 ,进而提高国民福利。这便为政府的贸易干预提供了新的理论基础 ,引起了政界、学界的极大关注 ,出现了大量的研究文献。本文旨在较完整地概括该理论近 2 0年的发展 ,特别着重于最新的研究成果 ,以供贸易政策研究者参考 ,把握当今贸易政策研究的理论前沿。     

浅议战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性

战略性贸易政策是以规模经济和产品差别化为基础的不完全竞争模型。通过对该贸易政策理论基本内容、实施中所需的条件的阐述,为战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性进行判断。并结合中国现有的市场经济体制、市场结构、产业结构和政府的行为素质,对战略性贸易政策在中国实施的政治经济条件进行分析,判断战略性贸易政策在中国特定行业的可行性。     

发达省域战略性新兴产业竞争研究

战略性新兴产业可分为强环境驱动型与弱环境驱动型、准先导型与准支柱型。在对各新兴产业作全国性比较的基础上,发现发达省域可兼顾比较优势、竞争优势与不确定性的要求来优化产业定位。发达省域遭遇世界长波衰退、世界能源危机、中国亚军危机、房地产泡沫、冲动性投资、低劳动收入等环境因素对新兴产业形成的内外"双轮夹击"。构建"软硬双驱"竞争优势模型,并由此指出发达省域战略性新兴产业竞争优势升级的路径。