外商投资我国零售业的动向与思考

未来几年,随着外资进入我国零售业,在企业的设立形式,数量,地域,股权比例等方面的限制陆续取消,我国零售业将会形成外商独资、中外合资等各种经济成份相互竞争的局面。认真解读外商投资零售企业的现状,分析其发展动向,这对保护和发展民族商业、规范我国零售市场具有重要的意义。     

Retailing in Europe: 20 years on

This article reviews retail change in Europe over the past 20 years. The sociocultural context of retailing in Europe is briefly discussed before macro level changes in the relative scale of Europe's largest retail organizations over this period are explored. Three underlying themes to retail change are then discussed – the emergence of new markets, in relation to geographical, product, service and channel diversity; the evolution of the retailer as a brand, encompassing an holistic multifaceted conceptualization involving product, store and organizational dimensions; and the role of time as a competitive element through consumer and business behaviours, and in terms of the pace of strategy implementation. Finally, looking forward the study concludes with a number of underlying themes in the approaches taken by European retail organizations     

Reconceptualising loss in retailing: calling time on ‘shrinkage’

For more than 100 years the retail industry has relied primarily upon the term ‘shrinkage’ to define how retail ‘losses’ are understood and controlled. There is, however, little consensus on what types of loss should be included and excluded when this term is used, making most benchmarking exercises difficult to perform with any degree of accuracy. In addition, as retailing becomes ever more complex and demanding, and a greater range of data sources become available, the traditional approaches to understanding and measuring loss in retailing seem increasingly anachronistic. Based upon extensive interviews and focus group discussions with senior retail executives from Europe and the U.S., this article puts forward a framework for developing a more inclusive and broad ranging definition and typology of retail losses, using the umbrella term Total Retail Loss.     

Shopping streets versus shopping malls – determinants of agglomeration format attractiveness from the consumers' point of view

The decline of shopping streets and the rise of shopping malls have been major trends in European retailing for decades. So far, research has failed to investigate this shift of agglomeration format (AF) patronage from a marketing perspective, including the consumers' point of view. This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the generic similarities and conceptual differences between shopping streets and shopping malls. Subsequently, the AF-specific characteristics perceived by consumers are compared and discussed with respect to their impact on agglomeration attractiveness. This leads to the development of a conceptual framework which is empirically tested using a web-based survey of almost 1000 consumers representing a typical urban central European retail market. The relative importance of nine distinctive AF characteristics on attractiveness was analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings proved to be quite similar for both shopping streets and shopping malls; the retail tenant mix and atmosphere had the highest relative importance.     

零售营销策略组合及零售业态多样化

现代零售业的一个种重要特征就是业态的多样化,各种新业态层出不穷.而不同业态的主要区别,在于其营销策略的组合方式.本文在总结前人关于零售业态演变理论的基础上,提出消费者偏好理论,指出消费者对零售服务需求的差异性,决定了零售经营形态的多样性,而消费者需求偏好的改变,导致了零售经营形式的改变,推动了零售业态的演化和发展.     

The Gaps in Retail Human Resource Management:

Human resource management is a critical determinant of retail organizational performance and profitability. It is estimated that the retail turnover currently is costing the industry $7.7 billion. If the current trends continue in constant dollars, this figure will be $9.2 billion in the year 2010. In current dollars this estimate will go up to $16.02 billion. Good human resource management can reduce this amount significantly. Despite its importance, retail human resource management remains a largely neglected area. Buildings on a basic model of the human resource management process, this paper provides a brief review of key personell issues, followed by a suggested research agenda. It is maintained that human resource management in the retailing sector has many major gaps. Eliminating these gaps by improving the overall human resource management activity in retailing will yield total quality management (TQM) in retailing and will enhance the retail competitive advantage. Additionally, there will be significant contribution to the overall performance of the total marketing channel.     

A Typology of European Airport Retailing

Airport retailing represents a global industry which is experiencing significant market growth. Accompanying this growth has been an increasingly complex set of retail trading relationships. This article examines how developments in the air transport industry have influenced the structure of retailing at airports. It then attempts to develop a typology of the different trading relationships that can operate within an airport. Four main forms are identified. The article then considers fiture influences upon the industry and the implications this has for the structure of European airport retailing.     

商业企业集聚体的发展态势、内涵及研究展望

许多商业企业集聚在同一区域内共同经营而共同发展的现象,是当前商品流通领域中的重要趋向,值得深入探讨。目前,国内学者对商业企业集聚体的研究正处于初始阶段,明确其概念和内涵,有利于研究的深入展开。同时,商业企业集聚具有合作网络特征,因而探寻合作网络中各节点的合作动机等问题也有待于进一步研究。     

西方零售理论思想的传播与发展————基于《哈佛商业评论》（1922-2006）的文献研究

《哈佛商业评论》一直发挥着引领理论前沿的重要作用,本文在EBSCO全文数据库中,对《哈佛商业评论》85年来（1922-2006）的零售论文进行了检索,对检索数据在研究领域、发表时间和被引情况三个方面进行了分析。研究结果表明：《哈佛商业评论》中零售学术论文主题分布于零售战略、零售业态、零售组合要素、零售信息技术等16个方面,各个领域文献数量存在明显的不均衡性;在不同历史时期零售论文的侧重点不同;超过半数的零售论文被引用,学术影响力较大。零售信息技术、零售国际化、零售自有品牌、零售渠道以及零售顾客这几大领域将成为未来零售理论研究与实践探索的热点。     

Format development and retail change: supermarket retailing and the London Co-operative Society

This article argues that students of retail history need to give more attention to the idea of the retail format. Employing a conceptualisation of the format recently presented in contemporary retail studies, it reveals the importance of so-called ‘offering’ and ‘know-how’ components to a fuller understanding of the development of the supermarket format in post-war Britain. Supermarket development is shown to be affected by, and itself impact on, a complex interplay of factors. Arguments presented in the article are supported by a detailed examination of supermarket development at the London Co-operative Society between 1960 and 1965. The paper thus also contributes to our knowledge of the history of co-operative retailing in the post-war period.     

Development pressure and retail planning: a study of 20-year change in Cardiff,UK

This article describes and explains changes in the retail landscape of a major British city over the last 20 years. It thus serves to continue the survey of change initiated in 1989 with a comparative analysis of the retail structures of Cardiff (UK) and Charlotte (USA). The changes reviewed in the present study are shown to exemplify broad trends in UK retailing, as well as the growing influences of town planning and urban regeneration policies.     

“互联网+”还是“回归实体”？——消费模式与零售企业战略选择

互联网与移动互联网技术迅速发展，带动了许多实体零售企业投身于电子商务的创新实践，但也不乏亚马逊、阿里巴巴等网络零售企业通过投资、并购等方式积极涉足实体零售企业。文章试图解释企业进行不同战略选择的原因，采取“互联网+”或是“回归实体”的依据。在分析互联网对零售企业影响的基础上，文章建立了包括消费者与零售企业在内的一般均衡模型，分析了消费者选择不同零售企业的依据，以及零售企业的应对之策。分析结果表明，消费者在不同零售商店的相对支出比例取决于零售商店提供服务组合的相对效率。因此，基于“有限商圈”与“有限品类”的经营战略成为企业扩大销售收入的关键，现网络零售与实体零售战略选择本质上可以归纳为品类专业化与区域专业化之间的收益比较。     

Retail networks and real estate: the case of Swiss luxury watches in China and Southeast Asia

Shopping centers are among the most significant places to sell luxury goods in East Asia. However, the relations between retail networks of luxury companies and access to land and real estate still need to be addressed. On the one hand, an extensive literature highlights how the turn to luxury industry since the 1990s has enabled some European countries to maintain their comparative advantage on the global market and at the same time to keep a significant part of their production non-globalized. Yet, an issue that remains to be addressed is the way European luxury companies are able to enter and expand their sales networks in emerging countries. On the other hand, while real estate has become a major economic circuit in East Asia, there is still a lack of research about the property industry and companies’ concrete strategies and business models. This article is hence an exploratory study that tackles the issue of real estate within the strategies of the main actors of the Swiss watch industry, namely Swatch Group, Richemont, and LVMH, which have massively invested in their retail network in China and East Asia since the 1990s.     

产业耦合、区域异质性与新零售组织场域

新零售业态发展受制于零售业与物流业耦合状况。两业耦合约束下，如何构建新零售组织场域是深化零售业变革以提升经济效率的重要现实问题。文章首先量化分析中国东、中和西部区域零售业与物流业耦合关系及其协调发展水平；其次提出考虑区域异质性下的新零售制度创业优势路径，并剖析新零售组织场域建构过程及其逻辑。研究发现：(1)中国零售业与物流业处于正向非对称共生状态，且共生度表现明显的区域差异；(2)零售业与物流业耦合互动状况整体不佳，东部协调水平最高，总体处于中度协调阶段，西部协调水平最低，处于勉强协调阶段；(3)东、中和西部理应分别建构平台服务商、实体零售商和物流服务商主导下的新零售组织场域；(4)三种新零售组织场域形成过程中的制度创业、集体行动、合法性建立以及新旧制度联动变迁等组织行为逻辑存在差异。研究结论为推进中国新零售业态持续健康发展提供理论支撑和实践启示。     

Evolution of retail formats: Past,present, and future

In this paper, the authors review current literature on retail formats and propose a new customer-centric framework for retailers to focus on as they continue to innovate and evolve. Specifically, they review the literature on how formats compare in their attributes and compete with each other; the role of customer behavior in format choice; and developments in multichannel and omnichannel retailing. They propose a framework for retail formats suggesting two paths – either reduce friction in the customer journey or enhance customer experience. They discuss the challenges faced by offline (physical store-first) and online (digital-first) retailers and elaborate on strategies each type of retailer is pursuing to address these challenges. Finally, they offer directions for future research in this domain. They conclude by calling for newer digital-first and physical-first players to continue coming up with different customer-centric formats, which they predict will slowly morph into integrated retailers, leaving space for newer players to enter the market and hence keep the wheel of retailing spinning.     

Retail formations: tracing the fluid forms of an online retailer

ABSTRACT

Change has often been said to characterise retailing, and research on retail change is extensive. However, though much of that research has focused on retail formats, it has not sufficiently addressed the fluid nature of retailing and how its formats emerge. This paper offers a more dynamic conceptualisation of retail format change by introducing the concept of retail formation. Taking a constructivist market studies approach and drawing upon an ethnographic study of a Swedish consumer electronics retailer, the paper shows how retail formations are continually being made in a dynamic process that can be initiated by various actors, does not necessarily follow a logical order, and commonly produces unexpected results. The concept of retail formation allows us to better understand the increasing fluidity of retailing enabling us to trace complex market processes, examine multiple actors simultaneously, and taking into account the socio-historical and socio-cultural dynamics involved in shaping retail markets.     

An empirical examination of performance in the clothing retailing industry: A case study

This article estimates the efficiency of the 40 retail stores of a prestigious clothing company that operates in the Portuguese fast-fashion retailing market. The study compares the performance among the stores and provides insights into ways of improving performance in the retail clothing industry. A two-stage approach is used in this article. In a first stage, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques are used to evaluate the performance of each store and to rank the stores. The input-oriented model was used to assess the summer and winter collections between 2010 and 2013. The results show that the total technical efficiency of the company decreases over time. Except for the year 2013, over 90% of the stores show increasing returns to scale during 88% of the period analyzed. The company faces a clear problem of productivity in its retailing operations. This deficiency seems to be intrinsic to the firm as it involves more than 60% of the stores. In a second stage, a quantile regression technique was used. This showed primarily that for the lowest quantiles of the efficiency score conditional distribution the coefficients on experience are very low, even close to zero, which suggests that the efforts taken by the stores in terms of experience are barely recognized by consumers in this fast-fashion retailing chain.     

Hypermarkets and the Small Retailers in Malaysia: Exploring Retailers' Competitive Abilities

The emergence of multinational retailers, especially in grocery retailing, has changed the retail scenario in Malaysia over the last decade. In the past, grocery retail formats such as supermarkets, minimarkets, and night markets dominated the Malaysian retail scene, consumers are now given the choice of shopping in large retail outlets where new retail formats such as hypermarkets, warehouse clubs, and superstores now thrive and are increasingly gaining in popularity. Interestingly, large retail concepts are predominantly associated with multinational retailers such as Carrefour, Makro, Giant, and Tesco. The presence of large retailers brings with it the question of dominance and implications of changing customer preferences. This study assesses the perception of small retailers toward their abilities to compete effectively in an industry where large, multinational retailers appear to be dominating. It appears, however, that the small retailers possess distinctive qualities in relation to their strategic inputs that can essentially differentiate them from their larger competitors. It is suggested that some regulatory measures especially by local authorities are necessary, but this must not be to a point of curbing healthy competition among the different types of retailers.     

加入WTO:我国零售服务业如何“与狼共舞”

入世后，中国零售服务业将在几年之内全面开放，外资零售企业逐渐进入中国已是大势所趋。面对全球零售“巨 头”咄咄逼人的势头，我国零售服务业与国外大型商业集团的激烈竞争将不可避免。根据我国零售服务业对外开放现状 和我国零售服务业存在的主要问题，必须采取对策，才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。     

Applying the scenarios method to capture uncertainties of retail development in emerging markets

Retail development in emerging markets has been the result of key driving forces operating in a variety of ways leading to unpredictable and complex patterns of retail change. Existing theories of retail change remain inadequate for capturing the complexities inherent in emerging markets. In order to capture the impact of the complex interplay of driving forces on retail change in emerging markets, the authors adopted the scenario method which accepts structural uncertainty and allows for multiple interpretations of multiple futures for the phenomenon under study. An example case study is presented, where four possible visions for retail development in emerging markets in Asia are identified. The four scenarios are firstly, a scenario where Traditional Retailers dominate through mom and pop stores, a second one where Regional Retailers dominate, a third one where Discounted Retailers dominate and a fourth where Mixed Retailers gain predominance. The scenarios highlight that the politics of retailing give rise to new conventions of competition in emerging markets, which sustain the coexistence of a variety of retail formats in these markets. The scenarios approach demonstrates that the nature of consumer behaviour rooted in traditions and customs alongside rising aspirations sustains a dual model of retailing in emerging markets. The paper concludes with reflections for retail development theory and implications for practitioners and policy-makers.