Injury incidence,risk perception and product-related safety behavior among 18- and 45-year-olds

Abstract

Adolescents generally have twice the injury incidence of adults. This increased risk of injury may partly be a consequence of the types of activities performed, the level of exposure to products and the safety behavior. The purpose of this paper was to identify possible predictors for the increased injury risk of adolescents compared to adults. To this end, all 18- and 45-year-olds in a major city in Norway received a questionnaire asking for information on injury experience, level of use and risk perceptions concerning 14 specific products, and the adoption of safety measures; 686 18-year-olds and 81 o 45-year-olds answered the questionnaire. The adolescents reported a higher injury incidence as compared to adults for all the listed products. The difference was significant even after controlling for level of use. Adolescents also had higher levels of risk perception and decreased adoption of safety measures as compared to adults. Females reported less injuries but higher levels of risk perception than males. Females also adopted more safety measures. An important finding from this study was that adolescents, as compared to adults, also expose themselves to increased risk levels when ‘ordinary’ products are concerned, and not only in terms of well-known high-risk activities (driving fast, skiing downhill, etc.). This tends to support the idea that more general factors or dimensions of risk-related behaviors may exist which should be accounted for in the planning of injury prevention activities.     

安全性评估方法在通用飞机航电系统中的应用

目前国内通用飞机产业发展进入加速期,对于国内飞机厂商及供应商而言,如何研制出满足适航安全性要求的产品以取得适航许可成为最为迫切的问题之一。以自行研制的多发涡轮通用飞机航电系统为例,给出了一种在系统架构设计中运用安全性评估并利用评估结果对系统架构提出改进措施的方法。对灾难级失效状态的分析结果表明,合理利用安全性评估方法能够有效地找出设计过程中存在的缺陷和风险以满足适航安全性要求。     

Injury count model for quantification of risk of occupational injury

Reduction of risk of occupational injuries is one of the most challenging problems faced by industry. Assessing and comparing risks involved in different jobs is one of the important steps towards reducing injury risk. In this study, a comprehensive scheme is given for assessing and comparing injury risks with the development of injury count model, injury risk model and derived statistics. The hazards present in a worksystem and the nature of the job carried out by workers are perceived as important drivers of injury potential of a worksystem. A loglinear model is used to quantify injury counts and the event-tree approach with joint, marginal and conditional probabilities is used to quantify injury risk. A case study was carried out in an underground coalmine. Finally a number of indices are proposed for the case study mine to capture risk of injury in different jobs. The findings of this study will help in designing injury intervention strategies for the mine studied. The job-wise risk profiles will be used to prioritise the jobs for redesign. The absolute indices can be applied for benchmarking job-wise risks and the relative indices can be used for comparing job-wise risks across worksystems.     

Risk management and consumer safety

Abstract

Risk assessment and risk management techniques are being developed in many fields as an aid to safety investment decision making. Already these techniques are having impacts upon aspects of consumer safety which overlap with other sectors where safety is important and where these methods are being applied. Recent examples where this has happened range from public transportation to the safety of children's playgrounds. This paper reports on progress in risk management in some of these sectors. Key elements include the notion of ‘acceptabl’ and ‘tolerabl’ risk, the optimisation of safety according to principles known as ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) or ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), and the use of quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis as an aid to decision making. Attention is drawn to a number of factors which consumer safety practitioners may wish to consider should it be decided to follow the trend towards a risk-based approach to the management of consumer safety.     

Managing occupational health and safety in the mining industry

The mining industry is a high health risk occupation. Companies should implement occupational health and safety management (OHSM) rules and regulations. These companies face a rapidly booming mining sector and need the help of OHSM to achieve business goals. Being aware of the influential factors on the OHSM is needed to reduce work-related fatalities and increase the company's efficiency. Few studies identifying the influential factors on the implementation of OHSM in the mining industry are available. This study provides a general overview of OHSM and investigates the relationship between five factors influencing the implementation of occupational health and safety management among currently operational mining companies. The results show that the correlation of the five domains varies. Using factor loading to examine the most influential factor to the least influential factors, the order is shown as follows: act and regulation, stakeholder pressure, investment, integrated OHSM and organizational culture. In addition, lack of adequate investment from the government was reported by the majority of the OHS specialists. This finding is noteworthy in that there was an OHS specialist agreement that their companies do not spend at least 1% of their production and service cost to implement OHSM requirements.     

民用飞机适航安全性数据追溯性分析与建模

民用飞机适航安全性数据间的追溯性是审定过程中判定系统安全性工作完整性和准确性的重要方法,但随着民用机载产品安全关键特性及机载设备的综合化程度不断提高,相关数据间追溯关系的复杂性也大大增加,给适航安全性审定工作带来较大挑战。为建立安全性数据及其关联性的评价标准及验证方法,从安全性需求确认及验证、分析方法,以及相关运行维护分析等方面总结审定要素和评审要求,提出了一种整合设计数据、安全性数据与运行维护数据的安全性数据追溯模型。通过该模型在型号工作中的具体应用及情况分析,表明其可为我国民机型号安全性评估及审定工作提供理论支撑。     

粮食质量监测检验在粮食安全保障体系中的地位和作用

粮食质量安全是粮食安全保障体系重要的组成部分。本文从实际出发,客观、公正地反映粮食质量安全面临的新问题,系统分析粮食质量监测检验在粮食安全保障体系中的地位和作用,旨在引起各级政府及社会各界的高度重视和密切关注,最终达到解决存在问题、确保国家粮食安全、保障人民群众的健康生活水平的目的。     

What can we learn from the historic road safety performance of high-income countries?

Abstract

Road traffic deaths in high-income countries (HICs) have been steadily declining for five decades, but are rising or stable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We use time-series cross-sectional methods to assess how age- and sex- specific death rates evolved in 20 HICs during 1955–2015, controlling for income, population density and urbanization. Past work has attributed improvements in safety in HICs to income growth, suggesting that countries intervene when they become richer (Kuznets hypothesis). In contrast, we show that HICs had statistically significant declines in road traffic injuries starting in the late 1960s that persist after controlling for income effects, and inclusion of a lagged dependent variable. These findings are consistent for all age-sex groups but the effects are strongest for the elderly and young children. We argue that the reversal in the traffic injury trend did not occur because HICs reached an income threshold. Instead, the 1960s were a period of paradigmatic change in thinking about road safety. Subsequent, safety improvements occurred because countries at different income levels established regulatory institutions that had a legislative mandate and financial resources to conduct large-scale safety interventions.     

Road trauma perceptions and the potential influence of the media

The United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011–2020) recognises the urgency of addressing global road trauma. Road crashes and attempts to reduce risky driving, including public education campaigns, receive media attention in many countries. In Australia, road fatalities have declined significantly. However, the extent of awareness about this success and of fatalities overall is unclear. A survey of 833 Australian drivers revealed the majority of participants under-estimated fatalities. Unexpectedly, some under-estimates appear based on recollections of media reports. The findings suggest lack of awareness of the extent of road deaths and that, paradoxically, media reports might contribute to under-estimations. This represents a major public health challenge. Engaging community support for road safety, relative to other health/safety messages, may prove difficult if the extent of road trauma is misunderstood. Misperceptions about fatality levels may be a barrier to road users adopting safety precautions or supporting further road safety countermeasures.     

Analysis of occupational health hazards and associated risks in fuzzy environment: a case research in an Indian underground coal mine

This paper presents a unique hierarchical structure on various occupational health hazards including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards, and associated adverse consequences in relation to an underground coal mine. The study proposes a systematic health hazard risk assessment methodology for estimating extent of hazard risk using three important measuring parameters: consequence of exposure, period of exposure and probability of exposure. An improved decision making method using fuzzy set theory has been attempted herein for converting linguistic data into numeric risk ratings. The concept of ‘centre of area’ method for generalized triangular fuzzy numbers has been explored to quantify the ‘degree of hazard risk’ in terms of crisp ratings. Finally, a logical framework for categorizing health hazards into different risk levels has been constructed on the basis of distinguished ranges of evaluated risk ratings (crisp). Subsequently, an action requirement plan has been suggested, which could provide guideline to the managers for successfully managing health hazard risks in the context of underground coal mining exercise.     

The 4Rs of Aquatic Rescue: educating the public about safety and risks of bystander rescue

From 1980 to 2014, 87 persons drowned in New Zealand while attempting to rescue others; all incidents occurred in open water and most (80%) fatalities were male. While bystander rescue has been promoted as a way of preventing drowning, little is known about the knowledge base that informs potential rescuers. This study utilized a family water safety programme to promote a resource entitled the 4Rs of Aquatic Rescue. Participants (n = 174) completed a pre-intervention survey and were then provided with information and access to electronic resources on safe bystander rescue techniques. Most respondents (71%) had never been taught rescue techniques, and males were more confident of their rescue ability. Upon completion of the programme, significant differences were evident in respondents’ understanding of rescue safety, but this did not translate to greater confidence or disposition towards performing a rescue. Ways of promoting bystander safety around water are discussed and recommendations for future studies are made.     

Road safety impacts of the motorcycle in Brazil

Brazil has had high indices of traffic injuries and deaths since the 1950s, mostly related to the increasing and irresponsible use of the automobile. Upon approval of the Brazilian Transit Code (CTB) in 1997, traffic injuries and deaths began to diminish, despite an increase in vehicle fleet size, a phenomenon that had never occurred previously. Concurrently, starting in 1991 and with a great intensity after 1996, there has been a sizeable increase in motorcycle production and use, facilitated and encouraged by public officials. Between 1995 and 2000 annual sales figures for motorcycles doubled and reached 2 million units in 2008. Traffic deaths associated with motorcycles increased exponentially, rising from 725 in 2006 to 10,143 in 2010, eliminating the advances gained by the CTB in reducing auto-related injuries. This article analyses the process and its impacts on road safety. The first part summarises the main public policy decisions related to the theme. Part two analyses changes in traffic safety after the introduction of this new technology. Part three looks at the possible political, economic and social motives that lie behind this process. The final part suggests solutions to the great prejudice caused to society and the nation.     

面向对象和设计模式在ISS管理系统中的应用

提出了利用面向对象和设计模式方法作为ISMS的设计新方法,并使用UML语言描述了面向对象和设计模式在综合传感器管理系统(ISMS)中的具体应用,在系统的设计和开发中取得了较好的效果。最后进一步指出了面向体系结构(SOA)模式为以后ISMS的设计新方向。     

Risk assessment of maintenance operations: the analysis of performing task and accident mechanism

Maintenance operations cover a great number of occupations. Most small and medium-sized enterprises lack the appropriate information to conduct risk assessments of maintenance operations. The objective of this research is to provide a method based on the concepts of task and accident mechanisms for an initial risk assessment by taking into consideration the prevalence and severity of the maintenance accidents reported. Data were gathered from 11,190 reported accidents in maintenance operations in the manufacturing sector of Andalusia from 2003 to 2012. By using a semi-quantitative methodology, likelihood and severity were evaluated based on the actual distribution of accident mechanisms in each of the tasks. Accident mechanisms and tasks were identified by using those variables included in the European Statistics of Accidents at Work methodology. As main results, the estimated risk of the most frequent accident mechanisms identified for each of the analysed tasks is low and the only accident mechanisms with medium risk are accidents when lifting or pushing with physical stress on the musculoskeletal system in tasks involving carrying, and impacts against objects after slipping or stumbling for tasks involving movements. The prioritisation of public preventive actions for the accident mechanisms with a higher estimated risk is highly recommended.     

无人机搜索救援系统中机载探测器设计

针对现有的搜索救援系统存在的搜救效率低下和容易发生二次灾害等不足,研究了一种以无线通信技术为核心的无人机搜索救援系统,主要讨论了机载探测器的设计。系统以MSP430微处理器为控制单元,机载探测器通过无线收发模块RFC33A与救援信标机通信,激活信标机并接收信标机获取的遇险人员地理位置信息,通过数传电台XTend将信息实时地传回地面站以及接收地面站的控制指令。实验测试表明,机载探测器对信标机的有效探测距离达到2 km,与地面站的通信距离大约为10 km,工作时间超过3 h,实现了搜索的目的。     

旅游地形象整合营销体系构建

在旅游市场需求日趋个性化、多样化的背景下,整合营销传播理论将取代传统的市场营销组合理论,为旅游地市场营销提供新的理念和途径。旅游地形象营销将取代单纯的产品营销,构建由形象塑造、包装、传播与管理组成的旅游地形象整合营销体系,从而协调、整合旅游地各营销要素,形成统一的旅游营销诉求点,培育统一的旅游地品牌形象,获取最佳、最有效的营销传播影响力。     

Assessment of the road safety performance of four roundabouts in Kumasi,Ghana

Upgrade of the Ejisu-Kumasi section of the N6 saw the construction of roundabouts at selected intersections. Their use appears challenging particularly for vehicles with elevated Centre-of-Gravity. The objective of this study was to establish the relative risk of traffic accident deaths or hospitalized injuries at the roundabouts. Five-year crash data covering a 100 m stretch upstream and downstream of the roundabouts were analysed. A total of 119 crashes occurred with 18% casualty hospitalization and 12%fatalities. Compared with the Ejisu roundabout, fatal or hospitalized injuries were significantly higher at the Boadi (OR = 25.6, p = 0.0021) and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Police Station Junctions (OR = 48.2, p < 0.001). Occupants of buses, heavy goods vehicles and riders of two wheelers were at elevated risk of deaths or serious injuries. Crash severity at the round abouts was aggravated by night-time, steep gradients and adverse cambers. It is recommended that, signalization and grade separation should be used in the current arrangement where appropriate.     

How much would low- and middle-income countries benefit from addressing the key risk factors of road traffic injuries?

Abstract

Despite strong advocacy, the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011–2020) is ending with most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) no closer to the Sustainable Development Goals target of reducing traffic mortality by half. In contrast, most high-income countries (HICs) have seen large benefits in recent decades from large-scale safety interventions. We aimed to assess how much LMICs would benefit from interventions that address six key risk factors related to helmet use, seatbelt use, speed control, drink driving, and vehicle design for safety of occupants and pedestrians. We use a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate mortality and health loss (disability adjusted life years lost, DALYs) that would be averted if these risks were reduced through intervention. We estimate effects for six countries that span all developing regions: China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Iran, and Russia. We find relatively large benefits (27% reductions in road traffic deaths and DALYs) from speed control in all countries, and about 5%-20% reductions due to other interventions depending on who is at risk in each country. To achieve larger gains, LMICs would need to move beyond simply learning from HICs and undertake new research to address risk factors particularly relevant to their context.     

Comparison of the occupational safety applications in marble quarries of Carrara (Italy) and Iscehisar (Turkey) by using Elmeri method

In this paper, a brief summary is given about marble quarries in Carrara (Italy) and Iscehisar (Turkey), the Elmeri method is introduced, work accidents that can happen in marble quarries and their causes besides work safety behaviours in fields are explained, and the Elmeri monitoring method is applied and analysed. For this reason, marble quarries are divided into seven in terms of working conditions and active six quarries both in Carrara and Iscehisar areas, and work safety behaviours are analysed. Analysis process is based on True–False method; there are 18 items in total under six main topics; three items on each topic. The safety index for each section and the main topics are also calculated. According to the calculated safety indexes, Carrara area marble quarries (65.08%) are safer than Iscehisar area marble quarries (46.01%).     

多种UCAV群指挥控制综合信息系统研究

介绍了美军无人作战飞机(UCAV)系统中的电子信息系统的关键技术,提出了建立UCAV群联合作战指挥控制信息系统的设想,研究了UCAV群指挥控制综合信息系统的组成、功能、特点和需要重点研究的技术.