Significance of attitudes,passion and cultural factors in driver’s speeding behavior in Oman: application of theory of planned behavior

Abstract

Traffic accidents and related fatalities have become a major public health problem in the world. This study aims to identify the significant factors that play an important role in the speeding behavior of drivers. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed and conducted with the students and employees of the University of Nizwa. The questionnaire items were designed considering the theoretical background of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and local socio-cultural aspects of the driving environment. A total of 303 usable samples were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis and structural equation modelling technique. The extracted factors of speeding passion and culture, speeding attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are significant determinants of drivers speeding behavior in Oman. The driver’s speeding attitudes, speeding culture, and passion have positive association with the drivers’ speeding intentions and behavior, and driver’s perceived behavioral control forms negative relationship with the speeding behavior. This study confirms the application of the TPB in predicting the drivers’ speeding behavior in the context of Oman.     

Assessment of vehicle speeds on different categories of roadways in Ghana

Empirical evidence from road safety literature suggests that vehicular speed is an important risk factor in the incidence and severity of road traffic crashes globally. Speed studies are at rudimentary stages in developing countries, thus making vehicular speed research imperative. The main aim of the study was to establish two major speed parameters, namely, the mean and dispersion, and their implications for more extensive and long-term speed monitoring in Ghana. Research workers stationed themselves in a parked car and used a radar gun to unobtrusively measure the travelling speeds of 28,489 vehicles at 15 different inter-urban locations on three highway categories. Excessive speeding is very pervasive on all highway categories in Ghana. Travelling speeds through settlements where a speed limit of 50 km/hour is mandatory were particularly excessive. Generally, 98%, 90% and 97% of vehicles exceeded the posted speed limit of 50 km/hour on national, inter-regional and regional roads respectively. Mean speeds and speed dispersions (as assessed by the standard deviations) through built-up areas were 81.3 +/- 17.3 km/hour on national roads, 64.7 +/- 12.3 km/hour on inter-regional roads and 72.6 +/- 13.4, km/hour on regional roads. On rural undivided highways with an 80 km/hour speed limit, mean and speed dispersions were 90 +/- 18.9 km/hour on national roads, 80.1 +/- 16 km/hour on inter-regional roads and 84.4 +/- 15.6 on regional roads; also translating into 66%, 47% and 60% of vehicles exceeding recommended speeds. In all cases, speed dispersions were notably higher than the value of 10 km/hour generally found in developed countries. Excessive speeding and wide speed dispersions are highly prevalent on Ghana's highways. These factors likely account for the high incidence of traffic crashes and fatalities in Ghana. An integrated speed monitoring and control programme and by-passing small and medium settlements would be required for the reduction of speed-related crashes, fatalities and injuries.     

Dimensions of aberrant driving behaviours in Tunisia: identifying the relation between Driver Behaviour Questionnaire results and accident data

In this study, the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) was used to examine the self-reported driving behaviours of a group of Tunisian drivers (N = 900) and to collect socio-demographic data, driver behaviours and DBQ items. A sample of Tunisian drivers above 18 years was selected. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factorial structure of the DBQ in Tunisia. The principal component analysis identified three factor solutions: inattention errors, dangerous errors and dangerous violations. Logistic regression analysis showed that dangerous errors, dangerous violations and speeding preference factors predicted crash involvement in Tunisia. Speeding is the most common form of aberrant behaviour reported by drivers in the current sample. It remains one of the major road safety concerns.     

多枝查询树协议在解决射频识别碰撞问题中的应用

数据碰撞是影响射频识别(RFID)系统识别效率的主要因素。目前,常用的防碰撞算法是ALOHA算法和二进制树搜索算法,但这两类算法都还不能完全解决标签碰撞问题,尤其是当待识别的标签数量较大且标签ID序列号较长时,识别速度相当慢。为此提出一种多枝查询树协议,采用均衡不完全区组设计(BIBD)对标签ID进行编码,并用16位的BIBD码作为读写器查询前缀符号。理论分析和仿真结果表明,这种协议的性能较传统的防碰撞协议有明显改善。     

趋势、问题与对策——新世纪初日本对华投资现状考查

进入新世纪以来,日本对华投资开始增速,伴随着投资动机的变化,其投资战略也由单纯的委托加工型向市场导向型,进而向研究开发型拓展,我国必须针对这一变化及其存在的问题采取相应的对策,以促进日本对华投资健康有序地发展。     

粤、苏、浙经济增长方式转变的定量比较及定性分析

广东、江苏、浙江是中国经济最发达的三个省份,经济增长方式中有很多相同点,同时也各具不同特征。对比分析经济增长方式的转变差异及各自的优、劣势所在．不仅是对于这个三个省份经济增长状态的有力透视,同时也能为其他省市的发展提供可借鉴的实证依据。本文基于独立开发的测度指标体系及分析方法,从经济增长方式转变的四大方面量化横向对比三省的经济增长方式转变的程度。并关联剖析了各自长短之所在。     

Measuring the road safety performance of Iranian provinces: a double-frontier DEA model and evidential reasoning approach

Abstract

Road traffic accidents are critical public issue in developing countries, and they annually waste a significant amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In order to urgently consider how this problem is related to the current policies, a proper safety evaluation of regional programmes in crash reduction is fundamental to the governments. The current research aims to employ a double-frontier Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to assess the productivity of Iranian regional safety programmes in reducing the number of road fatalities. The safety efficiencies of Iranian provinces are simultaneously estimated using the double frontier DEA to reflect both the optimistic and pessimistic points of view. Then, the Evidential Reasoning (ER) approach is applied to aggregate the obtained efficiency values. These provinces are ranked based on the data panel for 2014–2016. Finally, a double-frontier Malmquist productivity index (MPI) is used to comprehensively measure the safety performance of Iranian roads over a period of time.     

湖北省与广东省服务业的集聚比较研究

近年来,湖北省与广东省服务业专业化水平均有提高,两省的服务业结构差异变化不大,趋同现象较明显;两省的服务业集聚现象亦明显,湖北省相对集中于传统服务业,广东省则相对集中于现代服务业;两省的生产性服务行业集聚均高于消费性服务业。为了进一步加快两省现代服务业的发展,两省应充分利用各自的人力资源优势发展现代服务业,加快两省公共服务行业的优化升级,加强两省中心城市服务业的辐射作用,促进两省服务行业的分工与合作。     

流动人口不同归属情景下中国各地区人口老龄化形势

利用国家统计局提供的2000年人口普查0.95‰抽样原始数据,分析了人口流动对于中国不同地区人口老龄化形势的影响,按照“流动人口”的不同归属对于老龄化形势的影响效果,将全国分为三类地区:包括上海、北京、广东等大城市在内的“流动人口”减轻其老龄化压力的地区;江西、安徽、四川、湖南等“流动人口”加剧老龄化压力的地区;河北、内蒙古等“流动人口”对人口老龄化形势影响不明显的地区。     

Towards operationalising and measuring the Traffic Safety Culture construct

The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of traffic safety culture (TSC) by identifying its constituent components. A review of existing safety culture literature was conducted. Next, 18 international experts participated in a Delphi Technique to rate candidate TSC components. Corresponding survey items were then developed and pretested. Our final survey instrument was mailed to a representative sample of 1700 US households. Their data were used to conduct a factor analysis that yielded a 15 factor structure. The factors that explained the most variance in TSC were support for increased government attention to traffic safety, strict monitoring and control of alcohol-impaired drivers, disapproval of speeding, and avoidance of aggressive driving. Other factors included local engagement, desire for government and private sector accountability, more information, school involvement, teen restrictions, willingness to invest and seatbelt use. This work represents a first attempt to operationalise TSC. Future research will be needed to refine and extend the tentative structure that has been identified. Valid and reliable measurement of this construct should facilitate traffic safety advocates' efforts to overcome the social challenges they face.     

我国海洋高技术产业竞争力省际比较研究

论文在构建海洋高技术产业竞争力评价指标体系的基础上,利用2006和2010年统计数据,采用因子分析法,对我国11个沿海省份的海洋高技术产业竞争力进行比较分析。研究表明,影响我国海洋高技术产业竞争力的主要因素是规模产出、政策环境和发展潜力,且各省市发展极不平衡。今后,我国应不断完善海洋高新技术产业政策,逐步建立海洋高新技术产业创新体系,大力加强海洋高新技术产业人才队伍建设,从而促进海洋高新技术产业竞争力的不断提高。     

一种新的分组无线网隐终端问题解决方案

在C-T/CDMA方式中，最主要的问题是发送端的每次数据发送是盲目的，因而冲突概率很高。本文把RTS/CTS短分组交换方式引入到C-T/CDMA方式中，提出一种基于RTS/CTS调度的多址方式，既解决了隐终端问题，又降低了冲突概率，从而提高了网络的性能。     

中国旅游经济的区域发展特征及影响因素实证研究

文章主要用收敛法、Theil指数法、旅游资源地理集中指数法等考察了2000-2008年中国旅游经济的区域差异与收敛,结果显示：31个省（区、市）的旅游经济存在收敛,其差异趋于缩小;东、中、西3大地区旅游经济均不存在俱乐部收敛;城镇居民人均可支配收入水平和星级酒店水平在促进旅游经济增长方面不存在旅游发达省（区、市）与落后省（区、市）的差别,均具有增长效应。而人均旅游业固定资产投资在促进旅游经济增长方面存在旅游发达省（区、市）与落后省（区、市）的差别,具有收敛效应,其条件收敛速度为5.96%,收敛时间为11.6年。验证了中国将发展旅游业作为缩小区域发展差距手段的有效性。基于分析,提出落后地区旅游经济加快发展的建议措施。     

Political Marketing Funding and Expenditure in the UK General Election Campaign of 2005.

The 2005 UK General Election will be the second for which detailed data will be available from the Electoral Commission. Whilst this will not be published until 2006, it is possible using 2001 data and participant accounts to identify the overall funding patterns of the three major party campaigns and changes in the way that was spent. In broad terms, funding and expenditure changed little in money terms from 2001 to 2005, largely due to the impact of financial constraints and regulation on the parties. However, in 2005 for the first time, both the Labour and Conservative parties made significant use of direct marketing methods, notably telephone and direct mail to communicate with target voters in closely contested constituencies. The financial constraints on the parties and the strict restrictions on donations have put the question of significant state funding for political parties back on the agenda. The paper summarises the UK regulatory framework on electoral expenditure and political donations and considers the arguments for and against expanding state funding.     

WTO规则下的合作机制与中药产品国际化

中药产品国际化是复杂的系统工程,但在探讨中药产品国际化问题时,很少有人考虑系统解决问题的办法.从实证研究和理论分析的角度看,中外合作机制可以成为系统解决问题的有效办法.文章用实证并结合中外合作机制遵循的国际规则,提出加快我国中药领域中外合作机制建设的若干对策和设想.     

Hierarchical clustering analysis framework of mutually exclusive crash causation parameters for regional road safety strategies

Hierarchical clustering analysis framework is developed to identify benchmark and critical regions for effective road safety strategies. The regions are grouped based on agglomeration coefficient of mutually exclusive crash causation parameters. Subsequently, regions from groups with lower than a threshold index value are selected as benchmark for the poorly performing critical counterparts. Euclidean distance-based Ward's, median and centroid clustering techniques are explored through a case study of Indian states and Union Territories. As per data between 2006 and 2015, fatal crash percentages of driving under influence of drug and alcohol, excessive speeding, vehicle malfunction and road conditions related crash causation parameters, severity index and its growth rate are assessed based on respective threshold values of 6.35%, 43.28%, 2.42%, 1.79%, 26.7 and 3.1%. These are the national average of respective indices. It demonstrated the unique application of hierarchical clustering analysis in benchmark and critical region identification.     

Good practices on cost – effective road infrastructure safety investments

The paper presents the findings of a research project aiming to quantify and subsequently classify several infrastructure-related road safety measures, based on the international experience attained through extensive and selected literature review and additionally on a full consultation process including questionnaire surveys addressed to experts and relevant workshops. Initially, a review of selected research reports was carried out and an exhaustive list of road safety infrastructure investments covering all types of infrastructure was compiled. Individual investments were classified according to the infrastructure investment area and the type of investment and were thereafter analysed on the basis of key safety components. These investments were subsequently ranked in relation to their safety effects and implementation costs and on the basis of this ranking, a set of five most promising investments was selected for an in-depth analysis. The results suggest that the overall cost effectiveness of a road safety infrastructure investment is not always in direct correlation with the safety effect and is recommended that cost–benefit ratios and safety effects are always examined in conjunction with each other in order to identify the optimum solution for a specific road safety problem in specific conditions and with specific objectives.     

Development of crash frequency models for safety promotion of urban collector streets

The merits for development and application of crash frequency prediction models for safety promotion on any road type, with a focus on urban collector streets, are presented in this article. The city of Yazd, a medium-sized city in the middle of Iran, was selected as a case study and the data required for modelling crash frequencies along five collector streets comprising 31 street sections were collected. Six models including Poisson and negative binomial models and their deviations along with a hybrid artificial neural networks (ANN) model were developed to predict crash frequency along each street section. The overfitting problem was addressed using appropriate sensitivity analysis methods which were also used to identify the input variables with significant impact on the model performance. The results indicated that the developed hybrid ANN model provided the best performance in terms of accuracy and the number of input variables. The application of hybrid ANN model to evaluate the safety impacts of four different strategies, each resembled by one of the input variables of this model, indicated that these models can successfully be used for this purpose.     

基于流通环节视角的我国农产品流通效率及其演变特征

以2010—2019年的省级面板数据为研究基础,借助于BCC-DEA模型与DEA窗口分析,对我国农产品整体的批发、零售环节的流通效率进行了一系列估算分析,从数据分析的结果看,农产品流通整体、批发和零售环节的综合效率不高,三个环节都处在DEA非有效状态,且研究显示纯技术效率无效是导致整体综合效率偏低的关键所在。在不同的区域中,其效率也存在着一定的差异,东部地区省份与批发环境的效率偏高,西部省份与零售环节效率偏低。整体而言,农产品流通效率呈波动性上涨趋势,且中西部省份的上涨幅度远高于东部地区。最后,相应的研究显示这几方面效率偏低的主要原因发生了变化,国家需要进行政策调整,从而适应市场发展。     

Vision Zero – a road safety policy innovation

The aim of this paper is to examine Sweden's Vision Zero road safety policy. In particular, the paper focuses on how safety issues were framed, which decisions were made, and what are the distinctive features of Vision Zero. The analysis reveals that the decision by the Swedish Parliament to adopt Vision Zero as Sweden's road safety policy was a radical innovation. The policy is different in kind from traditional traffic safety policy with regard to problem formulation, its view on responsibility, its requirements for the safety of road users, and the ultimate objective of road safety work. The paper briefly examines the implications of these findings for national and global road safety efforts that aspire to achieving innovative road safety policies in line with the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in March 2010.