Innovation Economy,Productive Public Expenditure and Economic Growth

Multidisciplinary innovation is the main engine of growth for an increasing number of economies. Innovation requires the participation of and interaction between all economic agents. It also requires public spending on education, research and infrastructures. Our main goal is to emphasize the government's role in a growing innovation economy. Developing a non‐scale, idea‐based, one‐sector growth model with complementarities and productive public expenditure, we analyse theoretically the growth effects of an increase in productive public expenditure, which we find positive in the short, medium and long run.     

Equilibrium Unemployment and Endogenous Public Sector Employment

This paper develops a model of the equilibrium rate of unemployment with an endogenous share of public sector employment. We show how various macroeconomic shocks drive up the equilibrium rate of unemployment, accompanied by predictable variations in the public sector share of employment. In particular, under the empirically plausible assumptions that the public sector is relatively labor-intensive and the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is less than unity, public sector employment is shown to be countercyclical. When the equilibrium unemployment rate rises over a prolonged time period, the public sector share of employment also rises.     

Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model with Productive Government Spending

The goal of this paper is to analyse the effects of fiscal policy upon the long-run balanced growth rate in an endogenous growth model in which sustained per capita growth is the result of productive government spending. Assuming that labour is supplied inelastically, it is shown that increases in non-productive government spending, i.e. public consumption or lump-sum transfers, always reduce the balanced growth rate, whereas there exists a growth-maximizing investment subsidy rate and income tax rate. Moreover, a rise in a tax on consumption increases economic growth if it raises public investment. If labour supply is elastic the elasticity of labour supply crucially determines the growth-maximizing income tax rate and an increase in the tax on consumption may raise or lower economic growth.     

地方政府公共支出结构与经济增长——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文运用面板数据分析方法对1995-2004年间中国31个省、自治区和直辖市的财政支出结构与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析,并运用动态面板数据的广义矩估计法(GMM/DPD)进行了稳定性检验.结果表明,地方财政支出对地区短期和长期的经济增长影响有密切的相关关系,其中,一些地方生产性支出对长期经济增长并不具有促进作用.     

Advertising Expenditure,Enplanement, and Market Concentration

This paper investigates the long‐run relationship between advertising expenditure and enplanement (representing the number of passengers boarding an aircraft), advertising expenditure across carriers, and advertising expenditure and market concentration for the six largest US airlines. Advertising expenditure is evidenced to be strategic, although not clearly effective at increasing enplanement, suggesting collusive behavior. Advertising is also evidenced to be, for the most part, balancing in nature across rival carriers. Further tests suggest a positive and linear relationship with positive bi‐directional causality between advertising and market concentration. This paper’s findings raise three important questions. First, if advertising is not clearly effective at increasing enplanement, then why advertise? Second, if advertising increases market concentration, then shouldn’t airline activities be under some degree of scrutiny, or even be partially regulated? Third, could airline advertising be important in explaining higher post‐deregulation fares?     

Gender Equality and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Labour Market,Family Relationships and Public Policy

Intereconomics - During the recovery, investing in gender equality is essential: it will lead directly to higher GDP and indirectly to increase human capital and promote a sustainable society. Or...     

Trade,Technical Change,and Labour Market Adjustment

This paper empirically examines three possible reasons for the high and rising unemployment of low‐skilled employees in Germany: (i) an upsurge in inter‐industry trade, (ii) a skill‐biased technical change, and (iii) a failure of labour market adjustment. The empirical analyses indicate that an exogenous wage‐setting process as well as a bundle of factors, including a skill‐biased technical and structural change, have contributed to the decline in relative demand for low‐skilled employees in Germany. Thus, economic policy in Germany should focus on improving the employability of workers in the lower segment of the labour market and on raising the adjustment flexibility, above all the flexibility of the wage structure, of the German labour market.     

Contracts,the Spot Market Wage and Unemployment Benefits

This paper presents a model of the labour market with a contract and a spot market sector. Contracts are binding and enforceable, but unemployed contract workers are free to work in the spot market. The contracting wage is shown to be constant across states. A non‐trivial result shows that the spot market wage is increasing with product price. An increase in product price has an ambiguous effect on contract employment. An increase in unemployment benefits increases the contracting sector wage whilst stabilizing the spot market wage, and may have ambiguous effects on unemployment.     

FDI、政府公共支出、私人投资与经济增长——基于东部、中部和西部省际面板数据差异化分析

基于1991-2005年中国东部、中部和西部地区的省际面板数据,在内生经济增长理论框架下,比较分析了外国直接投资(FDI)、政府公共支出、私人投资对经济增长的影响。实证结果表明:由于不同类型资本对经济增长贡献率的差异导致中国东部、中部和西部地区的经济增长呈现收敛与扩散并存的格局。在任意特定地区里,不同类型资本贡献率也不同,各个地区应当因地制宜,积极引入适合本地区发展的资本积累途径,以促进经济快速和可持续发展。     

Exchange Rates,Employment and Labour Market Rigidity

In this paper, we study the effect of labour market rigidity on the impact of exchange rate shocks on employment. We use a panel dataset comprising 22 manufacturing sectors across 23 OECD countries. In our econometric model, the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on sectoral employment is mediated by the degree of openness and by a measure of labour market rigidity: the OECD's employment protection legislation (EPL) index. Our results suggest that greater labour market rigidity reduces the impact of exchange rate shocks on employment. This effect is statistically significant for low‐technology sectors.     

新股发行及定价方式的市场化研究

新股的发行方式和发行定价方式作为发行制度的基础,对资源有效配置和证券市场健康发展具有重大作用.我国新股发行和定价方式的变化经过了从行政管制向市场化演进的轨迹.为了纠正市场机制的扭曲、平衡发展一、二级股票市场,应当进一步推进股票发行定价的市场化进程,有步骤、分阶段地实现竞价发行定价.     

Employment Flexibility,Dual Labour Markets,Growth, and Distribution

Many policymakers and economists have argued in favour of greater labour market flexibility as a part of structural adjustment reforms that are expected to improve economic performance. Existing post‐Keynesian‐Kaleckian (PKK) models are unable to address these issues because they assume away long‐term labour by allowing employment to be short term and adjusting freely with output. This paper introduces long‐term labour into PKK models. We develop a model that provides alternative ways of modelling labour market flexibility and suggest that when aggregate demand issues are important, an increase in employment flexibility is likely to have adverse growth and distributional impacts.     

EMU and Labour Market Reform: Needs,Incentives and Realisations

Despite improving labour market conditions in recent years, a number of EMU countries still suffer from high and persistent unemployment. It could therefore be expected that labour market reform would be given a prominent position on the political agenda. The new constraints associated with the common monetary policy only increase the pressure for reform. Relying on the introduction of the single currency as a trigger for labour market reform may be a risky strategy. EMU generates a complex set of re‐optimising strategies of the players on the labour market, which makes it difficult to get a clear idea what impact it will have on labour market reform. Evaluation of recent reform measures does not make one confident either. The empirical analysis confirms to some extent the idea that countries with higher unemployment rates have carried out more labour market reform. This finding holds, however, only for countries that do not belong to EMU. EMU countries have on average carried out no more reform than countries outside EMU and any link between the initial unemployment level and the labour market reform indicators seems to lack. It may become apparent that more reform is needed once the macroeconomic environment becomes more unfavourable.     

Industrial Specialization,Catching‐up and Labour Market Dynamics

This paper presents a dynamic model as a heuristic tool to discuss some issues of changing industrial specialization which arise in the context of catching‐up processes of (technologically) less advanced economies and the impact which various scenarios of such catching‐up processes might have on the labour market dynamics both in the advanced and in the catching‐up economies. In analysing the evolution of international specialization, we demonstrate the twin pressures exerted upon the industrial structures of “northern” economies: competition from “type‐A southern” economies, which maintain a comparative competitive strength in labour‐intensive and less skill‐intensive branches, and competition from “type‐B catching‐up” economies, whose catching‐up increasingly focuses upon branches in which the initial productivity gaps and hence the scope for catching‐up are the highest. The contrast between these two catching‐up scenarios allows the explicit analysis of the implications of “comparative advantage switchovers” between northern and southern (type B) economies for labour market dynamics.     

政府支出的经济增长效应:1993-2005年间我国省级层面的分解分析

在阐明内生增长模型框架内政府支出促进经济增长的理论机制并回顾相关实证文献的基础上,本文采用S.Ghosh & U.Roy政府支出的经济增长效应模型框架,将政府支出考虑为公共资本和公共服务两大类,在省级层面上对1993-2005年间我国地方政府财政支出的经济增长效应进行实证计量.最后,依据经济计量结论,检验S.Ghosh＆U.Rov模型的理论含义,结合我国的实际国情进行具体分析,并就促进我国经济增长的政府财政支出政策提出建议.     

社会资本、人力资本与内生经济增长

通过构建基于社会资本、人力资本的内生经济增长模型,研究社会资本、人力资本与经济增长之间的影响机制,并基于社会信用这种社会资本,运用面板数据对人力资本、社会资本、经济增长之间的影响机制进行实证检验,结果显示:私人生产性的教育消费支出和公共教育支出总体上促进了人力资本的积累,但前者作用大于后者;相对于政府培育社会资本的公共支出,人力资本积累更加有利于促进社会资本的积累;社会资本对中国经济增长产生了积极的影响。但是,上述三个方面的影响存在着较大的地区差异性。     

Endogenous Schumpeterian Growth,the Productivity Slowdown,and Entrepreneurial Dynamics

This paper used concepts from chaotical dynamic systems, information theory, and cybernetics to develop a model that depicts a Schumpeterian process through which entrepreneurs search for new combinations of both products and production processes that result in increased productivity and growth. The model provides the basis for an alternative conceptual framework for conducting research into the causes of the productivity slowdown that began in the United States in the early 1970s and continued until recently.     

政府教育支出分配、经济增长及教育政策取向

教育与经济增长存在一定的关系,而教育支出以及教育政策对教育的发展至关重要。通过对我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据分析,发现教育支出分配不仅存在地区间的失衡,即东部地区偏多,而中、西部地区则显得过少,尤其是西部地区,而且存在结构上的失衡,即高等教育所获取的经费收入过多,而高等职业教育的经费收入又显不足,高级中学和中等职业教育的经费收入都显得不足。因此,改变教育政策取向,调整教育支出方向,改善支出结构,应当成为我国政府的一项中心任务。     

加快推进公共支出转型 增强江苏经济增长消费驱动力

投资和出口在江苏经济增长过程中扮演着特别重要角色,而消费对经济增长的驱动作用在持续下降。作为影响居民消费的重要因素,江苏的公共支出并未对城乡居民消费产生挤入效应。江苏公共支出转型总体上符合经济发展方式转变的要求,但也存在相关的问题。因此,应加快推进公共支出转型,增强江苏经济增长的消费驱动力。     

Opening of China's Trade,Labour Market Reform and Impact on Rural Wages

Government policy in China supports urban wages at the expense of returns to farm labour. A model is developed to estimate how WTO accession and complementary labour market reform will influence factor returns in China. With WTO membership, a larger cut in manufacturing tariffs compared to agriculture will improve agriculture's terms of trade and will raise the agricultural wage. Complementary labour market reforms will further boost farm wages as labour exits agriculture in large numbers. We estimate that WTO membership and complementary labour market reforms will result in a decline in the agricultural labour force by about 25 per cent.