可转换债券融资风险及其规避

可转换债券现已成为我国资本市场不可或缺的投融资工具。从实践看,上市公司利用可转换债券融资仍存在发行风险、转换风险、以及经营环境、业绩、财务、操作、被接管和兼并等因素带来的融资风险,如果这些风险问题得不到较好解决,将严重阻碍证券市场的发展。企业应完善融资风险预警系统,有效规避可转换债券存在的融资风险。要根据自身特点选择适合自己的融资方式和有利的发行时机,解决好我国资本市场存在的股权融资比例过高、投资品种匮乏和金融创新困难等问题,促进中国资本市场的成熟、完善。     

Small Firm Investment and Financing Decisions: An Option Value Approach

This paper reviews and discusses recent developments undergone by investment theory, and tries to address both financial and real decisions within an uncertain environment, here, the Italian economy. According to the recent "option value" approach to investment, if differing degrees of reversibility characterize the accumulation process by groups of firms (small and larger firms), we should expect their investment decisions to differ under uncertainty. On the other hand, asset reversibility has an influence on firm financing policy, given the observed relationship between asset and liability composition. Assuming a different degree of investment reversibility for small and larger firms, we explore how they react to interest rate uncertainty using the Italian experience during the 1980s as a benchmark. The main result of this paper is that interest rate uncertainty exerts a negative influence on firms' investment demand. The relationship is stronger for large firms than for small firms. Another result is that firm leverage also shows a negative relationship with interest rate uncertainty.     

Small-Business Debt Financing: An Empirical Investigation of Default Risk

Unlike much of the existing literature, this paper aims primarily to identify the determinants of the (ex post) risk of default of the corporate borrowings of small business firms. Thus, the explanatory power of forty-three financial and non-financial variables is assessed, using an instrumental-variables approach and logit analysis. Four factors are identified as being significant determinants of the default risk of small-business loans. These are the borrowing firm's total assets at date of loan request, the business's age, the type of loan, and the potential performance of the financed project as assessed by the lending institution. None of the financial ratios examined are found to be significant determinants of default risk. In addition, the three financial institutions studied may be informationally inefficient, since they appear systematically to underestimate (overestimate) the risk of default for high-risk (low-risk) loans. Résumé Contrairement aux études existantes, ce mémoire a pour but d'identifier les déterminants relatifs au risque de défaut (ex post) dans le cas d'emprunts contractés par des petites enterprises. Le caractère explicatif de quarante-trois variables financières et non financières est évalué à l'aide de la méthode des variables instrumentales et de l'analyse logit. Quatre facteurs sont identifiés comme déterminants du risque de défaut des petites entreprises. Ces facteurs sont les suivants: l'actif total de l'entreprise au moment de la demande d'emprunt; le nombre d'années d'existence de l'entreprise; le type d'emprunt et les possibilités de succès du projet, telles qu'évaluées par l'institution prěteuse. L'étude des ratios n'a révélé aucun déterminant d'importance quant au risque de défaut. De plus, il est possible que les renseignements detenus par les trois institutions financières étudiées soient insuffisants puisqu'elles semblent sous-estimer (surestimer) systématiquement le risque de défaut dans le cas d'emprunts à risque (peu) élevé.     

Cost of Capital Under Local Constraint on Debt Financing:

A unique constraint on financing of direct foreign investment by MNCs IS a total or partial prohibition on debt financ- ing in many Islamic countries. This paper analyzes the implications of such a conslraint for an MNC's financing and investment deci- sions. The comparative investment levels under alternative financing instruments based on profit and loss sharing (PLS) contracts are examined considering the effects of market imperfections and secu- rity related differences with reference to the existing literature on capital structure. The analysis shows that when debt financing is constrained the cost of capital to a firm will be higher and the invest- ment levels lower.     

Investment Decisions,Debt Renegotiation Friction,and Agency Conflicts

This paper investigates how investment decisions are influenced by the possibility of debt renegotiation failure and shareholder–debtholder conflicts by extending the Sundaresan and Wang (2007) model. We find that the difference in investment thresholds due to agency conflicts decreases as shareholders’ bargaining power increases. We also show that as the probability of renegotiation friction is lower, the investment threshold is lower, which is consistent with the empirical result of Favara et al. (2017).     

经济政策不确定性、会计稳健性与债务融资

以2007—2016年我国A股上市公司为研究对象,实证考察经济政策不确定性对企业债务融资的影响,并进一步分析会计稳健性对二者关系的调节作用。研究结果显示:经济政策不确定性与债务融资显著负相关,会计稳健性有助于缓解二者的负相关关系,且民营企业的缓解效应高于国有企业。结论表明,经济政策波动带来的不确定性会显著降低企业的债务融资规模,而会计稳健性能够有效缓解经济政策不确定性给企业债务融资带来的不利影响。从外部视角研究宏观环境不确定性对债务融资的影响,并进一步明确不确定性的特定来源,丰富了债务融资影响因素的相关文献,同时对于企业缓解债务融资约束、优化债务契约也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

科技型企业负债融资实证研究

科技型企业早已成为我国经济发展中的主要增长点.与一般企业相比,科技型企业由于其自身的高成长性,高风险性,高收益等独特的特征,使其在进行融资时更偏好股权融资,没有有效利用负债融资,发挥负债的治理作用;而有些企业由于负债过多,导致最终破产.因此,调整好负债融资使其有利于科技型企业的发展,已经成为各方关注的问题.通过对我国249家上市科技型企业的资产负债率,长期负债率和流动负债率与公司业绩之间的关系进行研究,得出三个负债率的最优区间,为我国科技型上市公司调整负债融资提供一个依据,进一步促进科技型企业的发展.     

Managerial Opportunism and Capital Structure Adjustments: Equity–for–debt Swap and Convertible Debt

This paper shows how capital structure adjustments through an equity–for–debt swap and convertible debt can resolve the inefficiency caused by managerial opportunism. We consider a situation in which a corporate manager's investment decision is affected by the firm's debt level. Although both an equity–for–debt swap and convertible debt can induce the self–interested manager to undertake only value–increasing projects through capital structure adjustments, there exists a significant difference between these two financial instruments. An equity–for–debt swap, which requires the agreement of both shareholders and debt holders, can change a firm's debt level only prior to the manager's investment decision. On the other hand, convertible debt, which gives debt holders a unilateral right to convert, can change a firm's debt level even after the manager's investment decision.     

Ownership Differences,Auditor Reputation,and Debt Financing: Evidence from China

This research examines whether “the paradox of auditor reputation” exists in China’s private debt market. Two types of hypotheses are developed to explain the “paradox” in terms of ownership differences. Our findings suggest: (1) by retaining big name auditors, non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) significantly reduce the cost of debt and lower financial constraints; (2) For the non-SOEs, the effect of auditor reputation on the cost of debt and financial constraints declines over time due to the accumulation of these firms’ own reputation; (3) SOEs are more sensitive to the interest rate of bank loans than their counterparts, implying their stronger bargaining power when negotiating with potential creditors than non-SOEs due to their government connections. However, SOEs’ government connections weaken the informational role of auditors and firm reputation on signaling debt market; and (4) Corporate governance is taken into consideration by creditors as an important indicator of solvency. Further investigation demonstrates that after controlling for firm size, operating cash flow, profitability and leverage ratio, the possibility of hiring big name auditors by the younger and median-aged group of non-SOEs is considerably higher than “elder” non-SOEs. Moreover, poor-performing SOEs have greater incentives to make use of their government connections in their bargaining for lower debt cost, as compared with their well-performing peers.     

非国有大股东与国有企业债务融资成本

选取2007—2018年沪深A股国有上市企业为研究样本,结合混合所有制改革的制度背景,基于信息不对称理论,考察非国有大股东参股对国有企业债务融资成本的影响。研究发现：引入非国有大股东可以显著降低国有企业债务融资成本,并且非国有大股东持股比例越高,这一效应越显著。作用机制检验结果显示,非国有大股东通过降低可操纵性应计盈余,改善会计信息质量的路径,有效缓解了借贷双方的信息不对称,进而降低了国有企业债务融资成本。进一步分析表明,当外部信息环境越好、企业自身违约风险越低时,非国有大股东持股降低国有企业债务融资成本的效果越显著;非国有大股东降低债务融资成本作用的有效发挥依赖于一定的前提条件,主要包括国有股东占相对控股地位、非国有大股东委派代表积极参与治理以及非国有大股东为民营股东。     

Financial Reform and Financing Decisions of Listed Firms in Zimbabwe

Abstract

We examine the impact of the economic reform programme on the financing choices of Zimbabwean listed companies. Using the published accounts of a sample of companies, we show that listed firms rely heavily on external finance, especially short-term bank financing. We estimate an eclectic econometric model of firms' capital structure based on key predictions from the theory of finance, augmented by variables aimed at capturing the impact of Zimbabwe's reform programme. The analysis shows that an orthodox model has little explanatory power over firms' capital structure in the pre-reform period, but in the post-reform period it does better. The differences between the pre-reform and post-reform era suggest that the reforms achieved partial success in opening up the capital markets and improving the transparency of firm financing behaviour.     

The Interdependence of R&D Activity and Debt Financing of Young Firms

We investigate the interdependence of debt financing and R&D activities of young firms. Applying a bivariate Tobit model, we find that there is a positive interdependent relationship between the share of loan financing and R&D intensity. A higher share of loan financing allows for more R&D in young firms and, at the same time, a higher R&D intensity allows for a higher loan share. This result is mainly driven by start‐ups exhibiting high values of R&D intensity or leverage. Another remarkable result of our study is that the positive relationship between R&D and loan financing can only be detected if we consider that, first, the decisions on R&D and on loan financing are made simultaneously and, second, the decision on R&D impacts the decision on loan financing and vice versa.     

Firm-Level Determinants of the Financing Decisions of Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Argentina

This article studies the determinants of the financing decisions of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which we characterize through three cases: trade-off behavior, pecking order, and extreme aversion to debt. We test our hypotheses using a dataset of firms from Bahía Blanca (Argentina) for two years: 2006 and 2010. We find that firm characteristics related to information asymmetries, such as firm age, size, and legal form; and personal factors, such as owner’s age and education; and perception of emotional bankruptcy costs, are relevant variables in SME financing behavior. The recognition of extreme aversion to debt motivates reconsideration of the underleverage problem of SMEs.     

我国可转债转股价调整条款设计存在的问题与修正建议

可转债转股价格调整条款设计的基本原则是要使可转债是红利保护的，要实现这一目标，必须将转股价格和股票价格进行同比例调整。我国可转债发行过程中转股价格调整条款对现金红利、增发和配股的处理办法在一般情况下基本符合红利保护的原则，但在现金红利数额较大，增发和配股比例比较高的情况下，必须根据更科学的方法来调整转股价格。     

Carbon Risk,Carbon Risk Awareness and the Cost of Debt Financing

We seek insights into potential benefits for firms adopting strategies to improve business sustainability in a carbon-constrained future. We investigate whether lenders incorporate a firm’s exposure to carbon-related risk into lending decisions through the cost of financing, and if so, importantly whether firms can mitigate the penalty by demonstrating an awareness of their carbon risks. We use a sample of 255 firm-year observations from eight industries over the period 2009–2013. We measure carbon-related risk exposure as the firm’s historical carbon emissions and our primary measure of carbon risk awareness is based on the firm’s willingness to respond to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) survey. We document a positive association between cost of debt and carbon risk for firms failing to respond to the CDP. Further, this association is economically meaningful, with a one standard deviation increase in carbon risk mapping into between a 38 and 62 basis point increase in the cost of debt. Equally, we find that this penalty is effectively negated for firms exhibiting carbon risk awareness. Our results are robust when we consider alternate measures of carbon awareness—disclosure through alternative medium to the CDP and firms’ annual cash investment in new capital assets using “cleaner” technology. Our results highlight not only the importance of carbon awareness as a business strategy for polluting firms, but also its importance to lenders exposed to their clients’ default and reputational risk. The debt market appears to incorporate historical carbon emissions and forward-looking indicators of carbon performance.     

我国上市公司负债融资与过度投资治理

本文主要从融资的角度来探讨上市公司的过度投资问题,同时建立了理论模型,并对我国上市公司的资产负债比率和资本成本的关系作了实证分析,得出了通过加强负债融资来治理过度投资的结论,最后就此提出了相关的建议.     

Effects of Concentrated Ownership and Owner Management on Small Business Debt Financing*

Using unique data and a new powerful Monte Carlo-based statistical tool, we examine the effects of concentrated ownership and owner–management (CO-OM) on the creditor–shareholder agency conflicts in small firms. A significant CO-OM effect from the small business owner's view, but insignificant from the commercial lenders' perspective, is found. Special features of informational asymmetry problems in small firms with CO-OM are also highlighted. Theoretical and empirical contributions are made to the small business management and corporate governance literature. Findings obtained from this research have important implications for small business practitioners as well as researchers, and this study can serve as a reference for policymakers and institutional lenders to assist small firms in successfully raising money through debt financing. In addition, a new powerful methodology is introduced to deal with various potential statistical biases and can be further applied to this line of research.     

高校负债融资风险及其评价方法研究

高校负债融资解决了高校快速发展中的资金瓶颈难题,有力地改善了高校办学条件,但是负债融资也必然给高校带来还本付息的压力,由此形成财务风险,甚至可能引发财务危机。在分析高校负债融资风险的表现形式及成因的基础上,引入功效系数法评价方法,并通过具体案例探讨了功效系数法在高校负债融资风险中的应用问题。     

The Effects of Ownership Structure on Corporate Financing Decisions: Evidence from Stock Market Liberalization

We analyze the impact of firm‐specific stock market liberalization events on the capital structure and debt maturity decisions of firms from emerging market economies. We differentiate between firms based on their ownership structures at the time of liberalization and analyze their post‐liberalization behavior regarding corporate financing decisions. Our empirical results show that single–class‐share firms (typically with stronger corporate governance and better information environments) respond differently to their dual–class‐share counterparts. Liberalization results in lower debt reliance for the former group while the latter lengthen the maturity of their debt portfolios. Jel Classification: F30; G15; G32.     

中国上市公司控股结构与债务融资关系的实证研究

论文以中国五个行业上市公司2005年的横截面数据为样本,通过分析第一大股东终极现金流量权与债务融资比例的经验关系,考察了负债的股权非稀释性和破产机制的治理作用.研究发现,非国有上市公司大股东的终极现金流量权比例与公司债务水平呈一种非线性的倒"U"型关系;而国有上市公司大股东的终极现金流量权比例与公司的债务融资水平则呈一种非线性的"U"型关系.此外,论文并没有发现股权制衡结构能够对大股东控制下的债务融资决策产生影响.