企业异质性与FDI行为:理论研究进展综述

基于企业异质性视角解释跨国企业的对外直接投资行为是目前国际直接投资领域的研究前沿和热点之一。本文从国际化路径、投资方式、投资动机三个方面对异质性跨国企业FDI行为的相关理论研究成果进行了梳理和评述,以清晰地刻画关于企业异质性与FDI行为的最新理论研究动向和成果,最后指出了该领域目前研究的不足及未来可拓展的方向。     

基于企业异质性的产业空间分布演化新动力

通过一个“新”新经济地理模型分析产业空间分布的动力机制,发现:除传统的集聚力(本地市场效应、价格指数效应)和分散力(拥挤效应)外,微观企业的选择效应是产业空间分布的“第四动力”.其作用路径:一是企业层面,给定外部竞争水平,效率异质性可能是“外围”高效率企业向“中心”集聚的“向心力”,也可能是“中心”低效率企业向“外围”迁移的“分散力”;二是区域层面,给定现有产业空间结构和外部竞争水平,较高的区域平均生产率门槛值促使低效率企业更趋于集聚,以通过“抱团效应”抵消竞争压力;三是产业层面,给定企业个体特征,产业内企业异质性初始程度和边际变化的作用方向是有差异的,既可能是集聚力,也可能是向心力.基于企业异质性的空间为产业份额和市场效率的双重“中心—外围”结构.     

Intermediaries,Firm Heterogeneity and Exporting Behaviour

In this paper, we present one of the first work on the relation between firm productivity and exporting behaviour in the presence of intermediaries. Using a standard trade framework à la Melitz (2003, Econometrica, 71 , 6, 1695) and Chaney (2009, American Economic Review, 98, 4 , 1707), we find that the most productive firms have sales in the home country and also exporting directly to foreign countries, followed by firms with sales in the home country and exporting both directly and through intermediaries, by firms with sales in the home country and exporting through intermediaries, and finally by firms with sales in the home country only. These theoretical predictions are borne out in a data set of 12,679 firms in 29 developing economies during the 2002–06 period.     

Firm Structures and Production Networks in Intellectual Services

The key hypothesis that this paper tries to validate through a representative survey is the following: network structures in ser- vice activities correspond to a necessary form of organisation because of the specificities of these activities. The survey allows us to measure the importance of both formal relationships (within a form or a group) and of informal links between partners mobilised for the production of service. It leads toward a better understanding of the characteristics of these different organisational modes. Altogether, the research allows a better definition of one of the fields in which the consideration of net- works appears relevant. It also indicates directions for further study.     

Firm Heterogeneity,Origin of Ownership and Export Participation

This paper investigates the relationship between firm heterogeneity and a firm’s decision to export, using the annual survey of Thai manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2004. A significant contribution of this paper is that we are, for the first time, able to break down FDI by country of origin to observe whether the behaviour of MNEs differs by region of origin. We find that sunk entry costs and firm characteristics are important factors in explaining a firm’s decision to export. Another important determinant is the ownership structure of the firm, with foreign‐owned firms having a higher probability of exporting than domestically owned firms, although this differs across country of ownership with potentially important policy implications. Export platform FDI is used to explain the behaviour of foreign firms that invest in Thailand. Using three measures of total factor productivity, we also find that highly productive firms self‐select into the export market. The implication for governments of developing countries is the need to think carefully about how and to whom they target their inward FDI policies as a means of growth. The heterogeneous behaviour of multinationals from different nations means that policies targeting specific regions or countries may be preferable to general tax concessions or the implementation of special economic zones that are open to all.     

生产率和产品品质双重异质性对企业出口的影响:文献综述

伴随着异质性企业贸易理论的兴起,国际贸易理论研究开始真正给予产品品质差异问题以足够的重视。引入产品品质差异,在生产率和产品品质双重异质性框架下重新剖析企业出口行为选择、出口价格决定及其空间分布特征是异质性贸易理论发展的最新前沿动态,理论研究和经验分析都得到许多创新性观点。与此同时,为克服以单位价格衡量企业出口产品品质进行经验分析的缺陷,多种出口产品品质的测算方法得到开发,如直接估计法、品质调整价格指数法和反推法等。本文梳理了目前国内外已有的理论研究文献,并对相关的经验研究和出口产品品质的测算方法进行比较性评述,指出未来的研究方向。     

中国生产性服务业FDI影响因素实证研究

本文采用动态面板数据分析方法,利用我国20个省市2004-2010年的面板数据,分析我国生产性服务业FDI的影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)整体生产性服务业FDI与市场规模和市场增长潜力呈正向关系,但细分行业中信息传输、计算机服务和软件业,科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业这两个行业并没有像预期的那样会促进其FDI的流入。(2)整体和细分生产性服务业FDI均明显具有追逐制造业FDI的倾向,并且与前期生产性服务业FDI具有正向关系。(3)劳动力工资水平与生产性服务业FDI流入呈正相关,这与绝大多数现有的研究尤其是关于制造业或服务业FDI影响因素的研究结论不同。(4)熟练工人、基础设施系统、政府干预和对外开放程度均与生产性服务业FDI有显著关系,是影响生产性服务业FDI的主要因素。     

服务业对外直接投资的发展及其影响

全球对外直接投资的结构逐渐转向服务业,而我国服务业的发展水平与发达国家相比仍然存在相当大的差距,且缺乏国际竞争优势。本文通过研究服务业对外直接投资对东道国的资金来源、国际收支平衡等方面的影响,以及产生的就业效应、技术外溢效应、行业挤出效应和出口竞争力效应,总结了对我国服务业引资工作的若干启示。     

Firm Heterogeneity,Endogenous Quality,and Traded Goods Prices

A model with endogenous quality and firm heterogeneity is developed. Firms can invest in quality, and quality investment is relatively skill intensive. The model is used to account for two findings in the empirical literature on traded goods prices, lacking a formal explanation in the theoretical literature thus far. First, the model provides a theoretical explanation for Schott's (Quarterly Journal of Economics 2004, 119, 647) empirical finding that relatively skill‐abundant countries export higher priced goods. Firms in these countries invest more in quality and therefore sell higher quality, higher priced goods. Second, the opposite effects of importer market size on traded goods prices at the firm level (positive) and at the aggregate level (negative) identified in the empirical literature can be explained with the model. In a larger market, the incentive to invest in quality is larger for each firm, leading to higher firm‐level prices. Due to a selection effect, also less productive firms selling goods of lower quality can export to larger markets, implying lower aggregate prices.     

Firm and Industry Effects of Advertising Accountancy Services

This article takes up the theme of the growing importance of the need to market financial and professional services by an examination of the case of accountancy services. Recent relaxations on the advertising of accountancy service call for an examitration of the appropriate marketing strategy for accounting firms. Discussion in the article indicates that firm size will have an important influence on the appropriateness of advertising and the form that it fakes. Advertising should form part of an integrated marketing strategy and not be seduced by the relaxation of the controls into focusing attention solely on this one aspect of marketing. As regards industry effects, advertising may be seen to reinforce concentration in the provision of both audit and particrtlarly non-audit services. There are benefits to smaller firms, however, through the use of advertising to emphasise specialist skills. In terms of conduct, advertising may help build up a barrier to entry into the provision of certain services, but is unlikely to replace price competition for the capture of audit clients as a key to the provision of non-audit services.     

外资进入与企业出口贸易增加值——基于中国微观企业异质性视角

本文利用2001-2007年中国微观企业数据,在对企业出口贸易增加值测算的基础上,从动态角度分析了外资进入对我国企业出口贸易增加值率产生的作用效应及影响机制。研究发现:外资存在显著促进了我国企业出口贸易增加值率的提升,而外资进入速度和规律性则产生了明显的抑制作用;发达国家外资是提升我国企业出口贸易增加值率的主要推动力,港澳台地区外资的作用并不显著;行业技术水平显著调节外资存在对企业出口贸易增加值率的促进作用,但调节作用因外资来源不同而存在差异。我国应继续发挥外资进入的溢出效应,实施有选择的引资政策,创造公平市场环境,提高企业生产率、人力资本水平及研发投入,这是提升企业出口贸易增加值、推进我国由贸易大国向贸易强国转变的必要途径。     

Redistribution of Trade Gains in the Presence of Firm and Worker Heterogeneity

Trade gains are unequally distributed; in particular, low‐ability workers lose out in terms of wages and employment probability. In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution schemes on aggregate and disaggregate variables. To this end, we built a trade model with trade unions, heterogeneous firms and workers. Three redistribution schemes are distinguished: unemployment benefits financed by either a wage tax, a payroll tax or a profit tax. We find that: (i) all three redistribution schemes reduce output per capita; (ii) but the marginal reduction is lowest in the wage tax funding scenario; and (iii) If the profit tax is used, labour demand for low‐ability workers increases.     

内外资效率门槛、异质性对企业自主创新的时空影响

内外资效率差异对异质企业R&D投资产生了显著的时空和门槛影响。首先,构建异质性理论模型认为,异质企业R&D投资存在自选择效应,金融效率门槛对R&D资金差异配置导致其R&D投资规模提升程度不同。其次,结合三阶段DEA模型、工业企业数据及空间计量发现,(1)内外资效率对企业R&D投资具有空间溢出影响且随时间变化程度增强,其效率差异在东西中部地区边际递减(2)异质企业R&D自选择行为在不同企业中显著存在且内外资效率门槛特征显著存在。衍生功能缺失下的内资低效对生产率较低企业R&D投资错配影响显著,但随其门槛值提高,低效现象逐渐弱化;外资效率对生产率较高企业R&D投资影响显著,两者具有互补性。提升内资效率是跨越企业R&D投资瓶颈的重要途径。     

基于企业异质性的出口自选择行为研究综述

近年来,国际贸易理论的研究经历了一个革命性的变化,学者们开始运用企业层面的微观数据分析出口行为和生产力之间的关系,并提出了出口的自选择假说和学习效应假说。文章对这一领域截至目前的理论和实证文献进行梳理和总结,并展望未来的研究前景。     

服务业FDI与东道国制造业效率提升

服务业跨国公司具备所有权优势,为东道国制造业提供优势服务投入。直接层面上,这种优势投入会提高东道国制造业效率,服务业FDI吸引制造业FDI进入,促进制造业出口产品结构升级;间接层面上,服务业FDI通过竞争效应、示范效应、增加东道国服务种类、降低服务价格、导致服务业跨国技术外溢等方式促进东道国服务业发展,进而促进东道国制造业的效率提升。     

Innovation and Trade Policy Coordination: The Role of Firm Heterogeneity

Recent studies have concluded that R&D grants can induce firms to export and that exporting and innovating can be complementary activities at the firm level. Yet the trade literature has paid little attention to the scope of innovation policy as a stimulus to both trade and innovation. To investigate this question, we rely on a general workhorse model of trade and firm heterogeneity with firm investments in R&D activities. The interplay of innovation and trade policies uncover novel results. In particular, we show that the effects of either policy depend on the degree of protectionism in a country. Therefore, countries can respond differently to the same policy, and similarly to different policies. In such a context, different governments may face different trade‐offs in achieving a given target.     

Family Firm Heterogeneity and Tax Aggressiveness: A Mixed Gamble Approach

Few studies try to understand how the unique preferences of family firms affect tax strategies, and how family firm heterogeneity drives variation in tax activities. Drawing on the mixed gamble approach, this study examines the tax aggressiveness of different types of family firms, considering how various sources of heterogeneity alter the perception of potential gains and losses to socioemotional and financial wealth. Based on a panel dataset of 242 private family firms for the period 2012–2014, this study shows that strong family-owned firms, family firms with a family CFO, family-founder firms, and family-named firms display lower levels of tax aggressiveness. These findings demonstrate that family firm heterogeneity is a crucial factor in the mixed gamble calculus of tax aggressiveness.     

Firm Growth and FDI: Are Multinationals Stimulating Local Industrial Development?

The aim of this paper is to improve our understanding of the empirical determinants of firm growth by extending the literature to include a new group of variables related to foreign direct investment (FDI), namely the degree of foreign ownership and technology spillovers. Based on recent developments in the field, our analysis also encompasses the role of sunk costs and financial constraints, while quantile regression techniques are adopted as more suitable to the data available (2,640 manufacturing firms operating in Greece in the 1992–1997 period). Our findings highlight the role of FDI in increasing firm growth with varying intensity depending on industry groups and regression quantiles, and vindicate the use of new variables.     

生产的区位与外资分布的行业差异

改革开放 2 0年来我国吸引的外资数量逐年增加 ,但从行业角度来看 ,各地区吸收外资的行业分布存在差异 ,而生产的区位化是决定各地区吸收外资行业分布差异的重要原因 ,且各地区经济的行业结构与其吸收外资的行业分布有着密切的联系