Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Wage Inequality? An Empirical Investigation

We use a panel of more than 100 countries for the period 1980–2002 to analyse the relationship between inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and wage inequality. We particularly check whether this relationship is nonlinear, in line with a theoretical discussion. We find that the effect of FDI differs according to the level of development: we depict two different patterns, one for OECD (developed) and one for non‐OECD (developing) countries. Results suggest the presence of a nonlinear effect in developing countries: wage inequality increases with FDI inward stock, with such effect diminishing with further increases in FDI. For developed countries, wage inequality decreases with FDI inward stock, and there is no robust evidence to show that this effect is nonlinear.     

Geographical Location of Foreign Direct Investment and Wage Inequality in China

This paper examines the relationships between distance and the transportation costs of international trade on the location‐specific effects of foreign direct invest‐ment and provincial per capita income in China. Applying the economic geography model proposed by Redding and Venables (2004), it traces the increasing wage inequality among the coastal and inland provinces by focusing on the distance of foreign‐owned firms from access to international markets and to suppliers of intermediate inputs. First, a gravity‐type equation is used to construct the ‘market access’ and ‘supplier access’ variables. Then, the effect of market and supplier access on provincial wage rates is estimated. The results indicate that distance does affect international trade and geography explains roughly one‐third of the wage differential. Greater market access increases the provincial wage gap, while larger supplier access increases the wage difference in trade destined for the foreign market but decreases the wage difference in trade targeted for the domestic market. Similar findings also result from applying the estimations to two local firm types: state‐owned enterprises and collective‐owned enterprises.     

对外直接投资、劳动合同与技能工资差距

将我国对外直接投资数据和最新的微观个体数据相匹配,并利用差异检验、分位数回归等方法,从劳动合同的新视角考察了对外直接投资对高、低技能组的组间工资差距和组内工资差距的影响.研究发现:与发达国家不同,我国对外直接投资有助于临时合同工人工资水平的提高,且提升作用大于固定合同工人;对外直接投资在扩大高、低技能组间工资差距的同时也缩小了组内工资差距,即具有组间扩大,组内收敛的极化效应;对外直接投资对低技能组组内工资差距的缩小作用主要是通过提高低技能组中低收入群体的临时合同工人工资水平实现的.研究结论为客观评估对外直接投资对居民收入极化的影响提供了一个来自转型发展中国家的证据,对劳动力市场政策的调整具有重要的政策含义.     

中国对外直接投资潜势分析

国际直接投资推动了世界经济的发展：中国自改革开放以来在吸引外资方面发展迅速,但对外投资水平较低,在国际直接投资流入与流出上严重失衡。为此我国应进一步发展对外直接投资,不断提升自身的竞争能力。     

外商直接投资技术外溢效应下降之谜

本文通过对1982～2004年我国外商直接投资的实际利用额和我国全要素生产率提高之间的关系进行实证研究,发现前者流入的确促进后者的提高,并且还发现从1992年起前者对后者的促进作用下降了.通过进一步的分析,认为我国外商直接投资技术外溢效应是通过技术转让、示范和模仿效应等直接途径和人力资源的流动、新的竞争机制的引入的间接途径实现的.对于我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应下降之谜,认为这与我国自主的科技投入提高相关.     

人口老龄化、资本供求与国际直接投资流动

人口老龄化已经成为全球普遍现象,而东道国的劳动供给和资本供求是企业进行国际化经营时考虑的重要因素。文章基于世代交叠模型(OLG),分析了人口老龄化对国际直接投资流动的影响。理论研究表明,人口老龄化导致劳动人口减少和居民储蓄增加,其从资本需求和资本供给两个渠道,同时引起国际直接投资净流入减少。基于1970～2019年国别面板数据的实证研究显示,人口老龄化会显著抑制国际直接投资净流入,运用静态面板回归方法和动态面板回归方法得到的实证结果均显著。此外,越发达国家的人口老龄化对国际直接投资净流入的抑制作用越明显。提高人口生育率有利于缓解人口老龄化对国际直接投资净流入的抑制作用。     

市场开放度、劳动生产率与我国地区工资差异

以新经济地理学的空间工资结构理论为基础,实证分析了我国西部大开发以来市场开放度、劳动生产率与地区工资差异之间的关系,结果表明,从全国角度来看,市场开放度和人力资本的增加对工资增长的贡献效应很显著,劳动生产率和外商直接投资的增加虽然对工资增长的贡献效应为正,但其效果并不明显;分东、中、西地区来看,市场开放度增加对工资增长的贡献,东部高于中部,更高于西部;人力资本的贡献效应则恰好与之相反;劳动生产率和外商直接投资的增加对工资增长的贡献效应在不同地区的差别并不明显。     

外商直接投资、国际贸易与中国生产率增长研究——基于非参数Malmquist指数的经验分析

本文以1986-2003年的省级面板数据为样本,采用基于非参数的Malmquist生产率指数来度量中国全要素生产率的变化,分析了外商直接投资和国际贸易对中国生产率增长的影响。研究表明,外商直接投资和国际贸易显著地促进了中国生产率的增长,其对生产率增长的促进作用主要通过与人力资本相结合来实现;同时,其对中国生产率的促进作用主要体现在促进了技术的进步,而对技术效率的改善作用不明显。另外,本文还发现在1986-2003年间中国省级生产率增长和技术进步存在显著的收敛趋势。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Firm-Level Evidence From Chilean Industrial Sector

Using firm-level panel data, this article examines whether spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) make a contribution to productivity growth in Chilean manufacturing firms. The main contribution of this work is to apply a methodology to estimate, in a consistent manner, the productivity impact of investment climate variables, such as FDI. With this aim, the spillover effects from FDI are analyzed using a stochastic frontier approach (SFA). Productivity growth is decomposed using a generalized Malmquist output-oriented index. The results show positive productivity spillovers from FDI; higher competition is associated with larger spillovers; and firms with high R&D effort gain more spillover benefits compared to those with less R&D effort.     

对外直接投资与企业生产率——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

文章先利用K-S检验研究中国制造类上市公司的全要素生产率分布,结果与HMY模型的预期一致,对外直接投资企业的全要素生产率分布显著优于出口企业和仅在国内生产销售的企业。进一步探讨对外直接投资与生产率的关系,结果表明,企业在进行对外直接投资时不存在显著的自我选择效应,但是,对外直接投资能够促进企业生产率的提高,具有学习效应。     

外国直接投资与中国区域经济发展的实证分析

20世纪90年代以来FDI对中国经济发展影响越来越大。本文利用1991-2003年时间序列和横断面数据,就FDI对中国区域经济发展的短期效应和长期效应进行实证分析。结果表明在这段时间里FDI对中国区域经济非均衡发展有显著的影响,FDI促进中国区域经济发展,但是在区域间的非均衡分布又加剧了区域经济的非均衡发展。最后提出吸引更多的FDI到中西部地区、缩小区域经济差距、促进区域经济均衡发展的政策建议。     

Openness to Foreign Direct Investment in Services: An International Comparative Analysis

This paper quantifies and analyses the extent of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the service sector in developed and developing countries. Services account for an increasing share of global FDI. Recognition of the economic benefits of FDI clashes with nationalistic economic, political and national security concerns about foreign takeover of ‘strategic’ sectors, such as telecommunications, finance and transport. Consequently, almost all countries impose restrictions on FDI in services. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, management restrictions and operational restrictions. These restrictions on FDI are computed at the industry level and then aggregated into a single measure for the service sector as a whole for 23 developed and 50 developing countries. Notwithstanding the worldwide trend towards liberalisation of restrictions, there remain substantial disparities between regions and individual countries in the severity of restrictions on inward FDI in services. The lowest restriction scores are in Europe and Latin America, whereas East Asia, South Asia and the Middle East have the highest levels of restrictions. The evolution over time of FDI restrictions is also presented for developed countries over the period 1981–2005, showing liberalisation in all countries, especially since the early 1990s, although to varying extents across countries. The severity of restrictions also differs considerably by sector, with electricity, telecommunications, transport and finance most restricted. The paper also finds a strong negative correlation of restrictiveness with inward stocks of FDI in services, suggesting that restrictions impede FDI.     

出口贸易中的外资因素分析——以浙江省为例

近年来我国出口贸易发展很快,而外资企业出口在我国出口总额中的比重较大,如何充分利用外资来促进我国出口贸易的良性持续发展是一个值得关注的问题。本文以浙江省为例,从外资企业出口的现状分析出发,阐述了外商直接投资促进出口贸易的积极作用及其局限性,提出了进一步利用外商直接投资促进出口贸易更快更好发展的若干对策。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Total Factor Productivity Growth: New Macro‐Evidence

Although the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in facilitating technology transfer is well known in the literature, empirical evidence regarding the effect of FDI on growth is mixed. The contradictory results in the literature may be due to the failure to account for endogeneity and for the abortive capacity of the hosting countries. Using panel data for 49 countries over the period 1974–2008 and the existence of Investment Promotion Agencies in the receiving countries as an instrument, our results show that increased FDI stock leads to higher productivity growth. We also find a significant positive effect on the interaction between FDI stock and distance to the technological frontier, suggesting that the ability of technologically backward countries in absorbing technologies developed at the frontiers increases as more FDI stock is accumulated.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Regulations and Growth

The paper explores the linkage between income growth rates and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. So far the evidence is rather mixed, as no robust relationship between FDI and income growth has been established. We argue that countries need a sound business environment in the form of good government regulations to be able to benefit from FDI. Using a comprehensive data set for regulations, we test this hypothesis and find evidence that excessive regulations restrict growth through FDI only in the most regulated economies. This result is robust to different specifications of the econometric model.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in China: A Time Series Analysis

This paper investigates the causal link between foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment and economic growth in China for the period 1988–2003 using a multivariate VAR system with error correction model (ECM) and the innovation accounting (variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis) techniques. The results show that while there is a bi‐directional causality between domestic investment and economic growth, there is only a single‐directional causality from FDI to domestic investment and to economic growth. Rather than crowding out domestic investment, FDI is found to be complementary with domestic investment. Thus, FDI has not only assisted in overcoming shortage of capital, it has also stimulated economic growth through complementing domestic investment in China.     

中国对外直接投资对工业部门收入差距的影响研究

对外直接投资影响了母国的要素需求结构,从而影响了熟练劳动力和非熟练劳动力的收入差距。本文从直接效应、逆向技术溢出和结构调整三个方面分析了对外直接投资对部门内收入差距的影响机制,结合中国2003—2014年31个工业行业的面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:中国对外直接投资缩小了收入差距,但在不同的时间区段对外直接投资对收入差距的影响存在差异;低技术部门及资源和劳动密集型行业对外直接投资缩小了收入差距,高技术部门对外直接投资扩大了收入差距,资本和技术密集型行业对外直接投资对收入差距没有明显影响;对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出缩小了收入差距,而结构调整扩大了收入差距。本文的结论对中国对外直接投资政策和收入差距调节政策具有启示意义。     

外国直接投资、外国证券投资与经济增长:以美国为例

本文以美国1972-2002年的统计数据为例,在建立VAR模型的基础上通过脉冲响应曲线和方差分解表对流入美国的外国直接投资(FDI)、外国证券投资(FPI)和经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究,结果表明流入美国的FDI和FPI均有助于美国经济的增长。但相对而言,美国经济增长更加依赖于外国证券投资,研究还发现流入美国的FDI与FPI之间关系紧密,两者之间存在积极的良性互动关系,且FPI对FDI的影响明显大于FDI对FPI的影响。