RESEARCH NETWORKS AS INFRASTRUCTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE DIFFUSION IN EUROPEAN REGIONS

This paper concentrates on the role of research network infrastructure in fostering the dissemination of innovation-related knowledge. It examines the structure of collaborative networks and of knowledge transfer between research, innovation and deployment activities in the field of information and communication technology for the European Union as a whole and for several European regions. Research networks complement diffusion networks by providing additional links and by increasing the number of the organisations involved in sharing and exchanging knowledge. Two types of actors are key players in these networks: hubs and gatekeepers. Hubs maintain the bulk of ties in the networks also helping the smaller and more isolated members remain connected. Gatekeepers bridge research and diffusion networks. Such organisations naturally offer greater policy leverage in establishing a European knowledge infrastructure. Moreover, strengthened inter-network connectivity among research and diffusion activities (deployment) would raise the effectiveness of European research in terms of accelerating innovation.     

基础设施投资的经济增长效应

基础设施总投资、交通运输仓储和邮电通信投资以及电力、煤气及水生产与供应投资对产出具有较大、持久的正影响,时滞也相对较短;电力、煤气及水生产与供应投资对产出的正影响更大,并且对交通运输仓储和邮电通信投资也具有较大的正影响。我国基础设施投资效应的这些重要特征,对于我国宏观经济政策的制定、实施时机和基础设施投资领域的选择都具有重要意义。     

MODELING AND MEASURING THE ECONOMIC ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Designing and managing an economy's technology infrastructure requires both accurate economic models and data to drive them. Previous models treat technology as a homogeneous entity, thereby precluding assessing investment barriers affecting infrastructure elements. The model presented overcomes this deficiency by disaggregating the knowledge production function into key elements of the typical industrial technology based on the distinctly different investment incentives associated with each element. Without such a model, the economist's ability to assess important market failures associated with investment in the major technology elements, including those with infrastructure (public-good) characteristics, is compromised. Unfortunately, even with the correct knowledge production function, the required data are difficult to collect. This forces government agencies, which fund a majority of technology infrastructure research, to use second-best approaches for economic analyses. The second half of this paper therefore presents an analytical framework that can be driven by more accessible data and provide reasonable impact assessments until better data become available.     

工业行业经济效益和环境效益的综合评价--以唐山市为例

以重工业城市唐山市工业生产规模显著增加、“三废”排放量达到高峰值的1997年的数据为基础，本着环境的外部成本内部化的思想，在当年工业各行业的增加值中去除掉治理环境污染的预算费用，用所得值除以工业增加值，得到各个行业的工业综合效益指数，对照各行业的工业经济效益综合指数和万元产值“三废”排放量的变化，分四种类型分析了各工业行业的综合效益。     

持续经济增长目标下的最优税负和税收结构调整

在经济持续增长目标下,通过识别宏观税负与经济增长的计量关系,我国最优宏观税负应为16.47%。这低于实际宏观税负水平,需要进行较大幅度的减税。根据税收影响经济增长的渠道,通过核算行业TFP,促进长期增长条件下的税收结构调整需要重点降低营业税。     

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: AN APPLICATION TO GREEK MANUFACTURING

To comprehend the impact of public infrastructure on economic performance this paper provides a measure of productivity growth as derived from duality theory. This productivity growth is decomposed into the components of technical change, returns to scale and the effects of public infrastructure, the variable of our interest. In an application, we opt for Greek manufacturing so as to investigate whether the decline in its growth rate is partly explained by public infrastructure. Despite some variation in the estimation results of shadow shares across industries, public infrastructure asserts a cost saving effect in most industries, though it also appears that traditional labour‐intensive industries with lower level of technological advancement do not benefit from the provision of public infrastructure. The estimation results further demonstrate that while public infrastructure enhanced productivity growth over the sample period for most industries, low infrastructure investment in the 1970s and the 1980s undermined productivity growth.     

刘易斯转折点、二次人口红利 与经济持续增长研究

本文从人力资本、储蓄与投资、制度创新三个层面研究了二次人口红利的实现与经济持续增长的关系。通过改进的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数和索洛增长模型,对中国31个省市的面板数据进行实证分析,运用系统GMM 估计方法对实现二次人口红利的影响因素与经济增长的关系进行验证。结果表明:人口老龄化并不必然导致经济衰退;人力资本、储蓄率对经济增长有正面影响;初始人均GDP对经济增长有负面影响,说明各地区的经济增长出现条件收敛;人口增长率、劳动参与率对经济增长的影响并不十分显著。     

SAVING MEASURES AS ECONOMIC GROWTH INDICATORS

The decline of the U.S. saving rate during the 1980s and its potential impact on future economic growth has been the subject of considerable concern. The National Income Accounts (NIA) measures of saving are the empirical basis for the concern. However, the economics literature has soundly criticized the NIA concepts of saving and investment. Moreover, little evidence exists that the United States suffered a capital shortage during the 1980s, when it enjoyed its second longest peacetime economic expansion. This paper examines the relation of NIA and other saving measures to future real GDP. Findings indicate that no measurable relation exists between the lagged NIA saving measures and real GDP. However, findings also indicate a significant relation does exist between real GDP and the sum of personal saving from the flow-of-funds accounts plus an approximation of government saving for infrastructure purposes. Unlike the NIA saving rate, this constructed saving rate did not decline precipitously in the 1980s. Since the saving rate relevant to economic growth did not fall, the future of the U.S. economy might not be nearly so bleak as many assume.     

基础设施与区域经济系统协调发展分析

通过建立基础设施系统与经济系统的评价指标体系以及协调度模型,计算并评价了我国各省市经济系统与基础设施系统的协调性.研究显示:宏观格局上基础设施发展水平的格局与我国经济空间差异格局基本相似,表现出明显的从东部到中西部地区的递减差异,区域间发展不平衡;各省市基础设施综合发展水平与区域经济综合发展水平之间存在着显著的等级相关关系;将各省市基础设施与区域经济协调划分为优质协调、良好协调、基本协调、轻度失调、中度失调及严重失调六种类型.     

CROSSING DUPUIT'S BRIDGE AGAIN: A TRIGGER POLICY FOR EFFICIENT INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE

This paper borrows Dupuit's parable of a bridge so as to reexamine the problem of selecting and financing public investment projects in a dynamic and strategic setting. A regulator imposes a price ceiling, and a firm makes a sunk investment each period. Three simple examples reveal the connection between the non-cooperative equilibrium of this relationship and the second-best optimum. One cannot implement this "planning solution" generally since the firm and the regulator each behaves opportunistically toward the other's irreversible actions. The facility never will be built if investment in it is infinitely lumpy and if the facility is perfectly durable. Departing from this extreme case, however, one can restore proper incentives by adopting "trigger policies." The regulator responds to a deviation from a candidate path by cutting price down to operating cost, and the firm halts all investment. If capital does not depreciate too slowly and the future is not discounted too much, then one can approximate the planning solution by an equilibrium. The success of trigger policies suggests that reformers should relax many regulatory rules and procedures to support efficient investment in infrastructure.     

CROSSING DUPUIT'S BRIDGE AGAIN: A TRIGGER POLICY FOR EFFICIENT INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE

This paper borrows Dupuit's parable of a bridge so as to reexamine the problem of selecting and financing public investment projects in a dynamic and strategic setting. A regulator imposes a price ceiling, and a firm makes a sunk investment each period. Three simple examples reveal the connection between the non-cooperative equilibrium of this relationship and the second-best optimum. One cannot implement this "planning solution" generally since the firm and the regulator each behaves opportunistically toward the other's irreversible actions. The facility never will be built if investment in it is infinitely lumpy and if the facility is perfectly durable. Departing from this extreme case, however, one can restore proper incentives by adopting "trigger policies." The regulator responds to a deviation from a candidate path by cutting price down to operating cost, and the firm halts all investment. If capital does not depreciate too slowly and the future is not discounted too much, then one can approximate the planning solution by an equilibrium. The success of trigger policies suggests that reformers should relax many regulatory rules and procedures to support efficient investment in infrastructure.     

A GROWTH MODEL FOR CHINA'S SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE

Abstract.  We employ a general macroeconomic analysis to describe the economic growth and performance of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ). It is shown that not only does foreign investment make a significant contribution to the economic growth of the Zone, but also, the rapid response of foreign investment to the output level is important for maintaining steady-state growth. The open door policy and the policy of encouraging foreign investment have thereby played an important role in the recent development of the Chinese economy.