合肥城市生态林业建设实践与思考

城市生态林业建设已成为新世纪城市生态建设的主要途径,城市森林生态体系是城市现代化建设和可持续发展水平的重要标志,是提高人们生活质量和城市形象特征的重要手段。文章通过对生态林业的内涵以及建设城市生态林业体系的必要性进行了详细分析,对合肥城市生态林业建设现状和存在的问题进行了剖析,为促进合肥城市生态林业体系建设,提出了具体的建议。     

城市化过程中住宅建设问题与对策

近年来,中国经济持续快速发展使得城市化进程日益加快,大量的劳动力涌入城市,在一定程度上促进了城市中住宅的需求.住宅产业已成为我国国民经济的重要支柱产业.本文主要论述目前我国城市化进程中的住宅建设现状和发展前景,指出城市住宅建设中存在的问题,并提出相应对策.     

城市化过程中住宅建设问题与对策

近年来，中国经济持续快速发展使得城市化进程日益加快，大量的劳动力涌入城市，在一定程度上促进了城市中住宅的需求。住宅产业已成为我国国民经济的重要支柱产业。本文主要论述目前我国城市化进程中的住宅建设现状和发展前景，指出城市住宅建设中存在的问题，并提出相应对策。     

论城市生态经营的理念与对策

随着国民经济和社会的发展，城市经营特别是城市生态经营越来越重要。从可持续发展的角度，提出树立城市生态经营的理念，城市生态经营的内涵及其特征，生态城市建设的主要内容和保障措施，以加快生态城市建设，提高生态城市建设水平。     

国外社区花园健康效益研究综述与启示

随着国家生态文明建设战略规划的提出,各省市相继开展生态城市与健康城市建设实践。作为生态城市与健康城市的重要组成部分,社区花园成为国内新近研究的热点,并形成了一系列研究与实践成果,但同时也暴露出理论不足、方法匮乏和经验缺失等问题。国外社区花园的研究与实践已历经近百年,形成较为成熟的理论与实践体系。文章基于国外主流数据库平台进行文献检索,从概念内涵、主题演化、研究内容和测度方法四个方面对国外社区花园的健康效益研究进行梳理与总结,并提出对国内社区花园研究与实践的启示。研究结果表明:一是受到各国政治、经济和文化等因素影响,欧美国家之间社区花园的概念内涵存在显著差异;二是社区花园健康效益的研究主题经历了不同群体特定疾病导向、城市整体公共健康导向和多元健康主题内容导向的演化过程;三是社区花园的生理、心理、社会与环境健康效益已取得丰富的积极性成果,但也存在部分争议;四是不同学科背景的测度方法存在共性与差异并存的特征。最后针对我国社区花园健康效益研究与实践现状,提出相应的政策启示,包括强化理论提升、创新测度方法、凸显科研与实践转化、配置多元功能和实现供需定制等。     

城市生态用地差别化管理的探索与实践

生态文明建设是建设美丽中国、实现中国梦的实现路径,城市生态用地是生态文明建设的空间基础。加强城市生态用地建设,既可以优化城市空间,提升城市总体服务价值,又可以维护城市生物多样性,建设美丽城市空间。然而,受现行土地管理制度的影响,城市生态用地面临着诸如内涵不明、现状用地易被蚕食、规划用地难落实的困境,研究在明确城市生态用地划定标准的基础上,提出已建生态用地按非建设用地管理、规划生态用地"只征不转"的差别化管理思路,以期可以加快城市生态用地的建设,促进城市可持续发展目标的实现。     

我国城市群协调发展的基本态势与调控思路

我国已初步形成了长三角城市群、珠三角城市群、京津唐城市群和辽中南城市群。城市群在国民经济发展中的地位和作用越来越突出,已成为中国城市发展的必然趋势。在中国城市群形成和发展过程中,其面临着城市群内部产业合理分工、空间布局的一体化、重大基础设施建设及管理等一系列问题;提出了推动中国城市群协调发展的政策建议。     

芜湖市城市生态安全评价

当今的城市中,城市生态安全已经成为城市发展的一个重要影响因素;采用OEC与UNEP共同提出的PSR概念模型,本着科学性,实用性,可操作性的原则,构建一套包括资源环境压力、资源环境状态和人文环境响应3个方面20个指标的评价指标体系;以芜湖市的相关数据为基础,评价芜湖城市生态安全,得出芜湖城市生态安全水平近10年来大致呈上升趋势,生态环境良化;对解决城市生态安全问题,促进城市可持续发展提出合理化建议。     

区域生态环境评价及发展战略——以大连普兰店市为例

生态环境保护与建设已成为当今社会的研究热点,评价区域的生态环境并制定出切实可行的发展战略具有重要意义;以普兰店市的生态环境为研究对象,系统评价了该市的生态环境现状,论述了该市在生态环境中存在的问题,提出了生态环境建设与保护的发展战略。     

我国城市房地产预警系统研究

房地产业已经成为推动国民经济发展和GDP稳定增长的主要支柱行业,如何对房地产业过热或过冷进行预警,已成为一些学者关心和研究的重要课题。本文对我国城市房地产预警指标进行初步设计,并提出预警综合加权法,根据指标加权值预测房地产市场状态,对房地产市场冷热程度进行预警预报。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目