超时加班与就业困难——1991-2005年中国经济就业弹性下降分析

本文通过考察和分析改革开放后劳动力市场特点和劳动者就业环境的变化，提出劳动法治的失效、就业者工作时间的不断延长，是导致20世纪90年代以后中国经济就业弹性持续下降的主要因素之一。非公经济中的超时加班现象，一方面使就业者的工作强度加大，受剥削程度越来越深，另一方面严重抵消了经济增长所创造的就业供给，从而造成就业人数增加缓慢，就业弹性不断下降。分析后不难发现，“高增长、低就业”的模式，并非是经济发展的正常现象。而是20世纪90年代以来“重资轻劳”政策的必然结果。     

Wage costs and labour demand with some reference to employment in the Netherlands

Summary This article evaluates some of the well-known theories of labour demand, with special reference made to macro-economic unemployment problems in the Netherlands. Two fields of problems have been distinguished. The first concerns the formulation of the new goals of economic policy. The second group regards the question of selecting the best fitting, in a statistical sense. As a final resolve, this approach defines that, what ever the best theory may be, there clearly exists a negative relation between wage costs and employment in the Netherlands. However, it is also determined that the negative effects of high wage costs are not so large as suggested in the Central Planning Bureau studies, based on a Solow-Robinson model of embodied technological progress.     

The education dilemma: Growth versus equity

Summary This paper examines the role of education in growth using optimal control theory. It incorporates into the welfare (objective) function income inequality along with per-capita consumption, includes in the production function multi-skilled labour, time lags, and a modern and traditional sector, and explores the optimal allocation of investment in human and physical capital. Nations used to illustrate the model are the United States, the Netherlands, Mexico, and Nigeria. This paper presents a concise survey of some of the research, reported in Ritzen (1977). Helpful suggestions by Prof. J. Tinbergen are gratefully acknowledged.     

Universal primary education: An African dilemma

This paper examines the prospects for achieving universal primary education in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The principal finding is that, under present conditions, a large number of these countries may not achieve universal primary education even by the year 2020. A move towards this goal will call for a level of national effort which some of these countries can ill afford. It also calls for a strong willingness to treat the high levels of recurrent unit costs as a major policy issue. The simulation exercise shows that it is virtually impossible to achieve this goal without a reduction in recurrent unit costs.     

Higher education,employment and economic growth: Exploring the interactions

ABSTRACT

This article interrogates the impact and nature of South Africa’s post-apartheid economic growth performance through the lens of human capital investment with a particular emphasis on higher education. The South African economy has been characterised by a skills-biased trajectory, ensuring jobs for the better educated. By differentiating between tertiary and vocational training, we find that further education and training (FET) graduates are almost as likely to be employed as school leavers without higher education. We analyse the extent to which the educational attainments of labour affect the nature and trajectory of economic growth in South Africa, by estimating Olley and Pakes’ two-stage regression on a modified Cobb–Douglas production function. The results indicate that the degree cohort contributes to economic growth whilst other higher education institutions, including FET colleges, do not productively contribute to economic growth.     

Making local labour markets work: A Scottish case study

With the launch of Employment Training (ET) in 1988 there has been increasing interest in providing training that is closely tied to the demands of the labour market. The establishment of ET came about because of a concern that unemployment was still very high at a time when large numbers of jobs were being created. Part of the explanation for this apparent paradox was that the unemployed lacked the motivation and skills to get jobs. The solution, as proposed by ET, was to provide counseling and training (Department of Employment, 1988). Insofar as this recognised that factors other than a lack of skills stopped the unemployed getting work it was to be welcomed. However there are other things that need to be taken account of if labour markets are to work effectively (Haughton and Peck, 1989). Many of these are outside of the control of the unemployed.     

通识化还是专业化:高等教育价值取向的两难与融合

大学之道,在明德,在亲民,在止于至善,知止而后有定,定而后能静,静而后能安,安而后能虑,虑而后能得,物有本末,事有终始。高等教育作为一种培养人的活动,就培养什么样的人是有价值的怎么培养人的教育理念上素有通识化与专业化之争,表现在人才培养理想与现实之间的冲突。处理好高等教育价值取向道与器、理与用、学与术、远效与近功之间的关系,有利于我国高等教育人才的培养,促进社会转型期经济社会的发展。     

Putting community participation into development work: The difficult case of Winterveld

Community development in impoverished homeland communities like Winterveld is an important priority in this era of transition. Yet, it is rarely effective and self‐sustaining. Government, parastatals, NGOs and international development agencies have all tried to initiate their own versions of community development, but most have failed to get the full participation of the community as an equal and active partner. A community development project should not be seen as an end in itself, but as a means of promoting the development of local communities into key agents with control over their own lives. Before embarking on community capacity‐building exercises, development agencies will have to take more time and effort to understand, respect, and root their work in the experiences and expectations of community members.     

Racial inequality and white employment: An interpretation and test of the bargaining power hypothesis

This article disputes the argument and the evidence used to conclude that white workers are hurt by discrimination against blacks. Racism may increase the bargaining power of white workers if it unifies white ethnics, and may benefit them if it reduces job competition. The distributional consequences of discrimination will vary with the intensity of aggregate unemployment and the degree of racial segmentation in the labor market. The impact of racial inequality on the probability of employment is evaluated with a cross-sectional model using census summary data on SMSAs. Results show that racial inequality improves white male and female employment prospects in 1980, and suggest the same for 1970.     

The changing nature of artisanal work and occupations: Important for understanding labour markets

ABSTRACT

The social and political conditions within which artisans are required to work have shifted globally. The South African policy concern is to train bigger quantities and improve artisanal skills quality, while simultaneously providing more opportunities for young, black and women artisans. A concern for academia is how this shifting milieu will impact on our understanding of artisanal work and occupations and what implications should this have for further research. Using the concept of occupational boundaries, we investigate, at a micro level, real and perceived change to work in three artisanal trades. The study shows that while some elements have changed, the division of labour reinforces the traditional scope of artisanal work in relation to other occupational groups. The findings reconfirm the complex relationship between changes to work and the demand for skills, and importantly highlight the sociology of work as a critical but undervalued dimension in labour market analysis.     

Youth wage employment and parental education in Malawi

This paper looks at the relationship between the likelihood of being in regular wage employment and parental education for Malawian youth. It uses data from the third integrated household survey (IHS3). Only a mother's education is found to have a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of being in regular wage employment for young females and males. It is established that the effect of a mother's education on young males is significantly larger than that for young females. The paper also finds that, regardless of gender, a mother's education complements/reinforces the positive effect of a youth's own education on the probability of being in wage employment. The evidence from this paper points to the existence of an intergenerational poverty trap; with children of uneducated mothers or mothers with low education finding themselves outside regular wage jobs.     

The Japanese labour market during the global financial crisis and the role of non-standard work: A micro perspective

This paper analyses aggregate labour dynamics during the global financial crisis in Japan and the role of non-standard work using micro data. The analysis proceeds in two steps. First, using comprehensive establishment-level datasets for the period 1991–2009, it provides a detailed portrait of the adjustment behaviour of establishments at the micro level. Second, it compares aggregate labour market dynamics during the global financial crisis with that observed during the 1997 crisis and decomposes the observed differences into components that can be attributed to changes in the micro-adjustment behaviour of Japanese establishments, changes in the incidence of non-standard work and changes in the distribution of shocks across establishments. It finds that the incidence of non-standard work has increased considerably, worker turnover is much higher among non-standard than standard workers and adjustments in working-time are less important for non-standard workers. Counterfactual simulations suggest that the employment response during the global crisis would have been smaller if the incidence of non-standard work remained at the level observed during the 1997 crisis. The relatively small employment response observed during the global financial crisis is therefore driven by factors other than the increase in the incidence of non-standard work.     

连锁超市发展的大趋势

效率管理是科学管理的精髓 ,是影响企业经济效益的关键因素 ,目前这一工作出现了松懈和下滑 ,尤其是劳动定员定额工作。其实 ,效率管理在我国的国情下并没有过时 ,我们应该从诸方面加强这一工作。     

Putting Agency and Integrity to the Test

This article examines recent claims about the necessity of integrity in agency relationships by putting agents with preferences that reflect integrity in an evolutionary competition with opportunistic agents. Corporate culture is modeled through a process of assortative matching between principal and agent types (via industry or group effects). This leads to a characterization of corporate governance where integrity is linked with value creation.     

关于开展航海职业教育扶贫工作的探讨

建设新农村的核心环节是提高农民收入。对贫困地区进行扶贫是党和政府解决贫困地区农民问题的重要手段之一,其中心工作是提高农民收入。通过开展航海职业教育扶贫工作可以有效地帮助转移农村富余劳动力,提高农民综合素质,增加农民收入,增强农民自身的造血功能,彻底改变贫穷的面貌;同时也有利于促进航运业和航海职业教育的发展。开展航海职业教育扶贫工作是一个多方合作共赢的过程。