世界石油史上的竞争与合作

世界石油工业史,既是石油公司的竞争史,也是它们的合作史.世界石油工业史上竞争中的合作,大体经历了两个大阶段.第一个阶段(20世纪70年代以前),大国际石油公司,特别是"石油七姐妹"几乎统治了整个资本主义世界,这个时期石油公司的竞争与合作,基本是围绕它们展开的.第二个阶段(开始于20世纪60年代末70年代初),石油公司与产油国的关系发生了革命性的变化.形成了国际石油公司、国家石油公司、技术服务公司三方之间的"立体"合作关系.回顾世界石油工业的历史,公司与公司之间的竞争相当激烈,但合作已经成为主流.对于中国石油企业来说,应抓住当前机会,加速国际化;采取多种方式参与国际合作;集中海外优势力量,组成"超级航母"的合资公司参与国际竞争;更多地采用"森美"模式,既同大国际石油公司合营,又同石油生产/出口国的国家公司合作,以保障国家能源安全;联合国内优势力量,进行国内资源的勘探开发.     

Critical events in time and space when cooperation turns into competition in business relationships

This study aims to improve our understanding of the processes of critical events in time and space that lead from cooperation to competition in dyadic business relationships. Within the business network approach there has recently been a call for research into both time and competition, and research combining both is novel. The study identifies and analyzes critical events in time, their connections with each other and the inner and outer space related to each event. The empirical study is based on four qualitative cases. The findings contribute to existing research by presenting several new perspectives on events and spaces, which improves our understanding of time and process in business networks. Business relationships may evolve from cooperation to competition through chronological events involving information sharing, sales-related and opportunistic activities. In space, these events mostly relate to the focal business relationships, the individual companies and third parties, such as customers.     

International cooperation in nutrition

The Thirteenth International Congress of Nutrition, sponsored by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), Brighton, UK, 18–23 August 1985     

南美洲国家的能源外交与合作

近年来,南美洲国家的能源外交非常活跃,能源合作进一步加强,一体化进程不断加快,并在许多领域取得实质性突破.南美洲国家在委内瑞拉、巴西等国的积极倡导和推动下,以协调本地区政治意愿和资源,获取最大利益以及行使能源主权为目的,提出了多项能源合作和能源一体化计划,这些合作和一体化计划正在实施中.委内瑞拉和巴西还凭借各自在能源领域的优势,在世界范围内开展能源外交,并力图在地区事务中确立自己的主导地位.南美国家开展的能源外交促进了能源合作和一体化,在一定程度上也推动了世界能源多极化的形成.     

Competition in telecommunications

The author examines the impact of competition from both domestic and international perspectives. He provides a critique of the pro-competition argument, although a number of advantages of competition are also outlined. The advantages are discussed in relation to equipment and services. International trends towards competition are then described and the disadvantages of such trends are debated in relation to cross-subsidization, interconnection, the telecommunications manufacturing industry, and the market structure. Finally, competition in the international arena is discussed.     

也谈石油行业的竞争与重组

判断垄断与否不能简单地根据企业规模和市场份额指标，市场效果最终要看企业行为对消费者利益的影响。石油行业是政府监管下的竞争性行业，是上下游一体化的大型跨国企业和小型专业企业并存的行业。我国石油天然气行业的市场组织特点是，资源和市场的区域性分割与局部过度竞争并存，主要原因是受政策和体制因素的影响。提高我国石油企业的竞争力要靠改进管理体制而不是扩大规模。石油石化企业进一步重组应明确几个问题：(1)做大不等于做强，重组应以效率为目标；(2)要首先将企业改革为真正的企业；(3)市场制度建设要先行；(4)下一轮重组应是企业市场行为而不是政府行政行为。健全石油工业管理体制和有序引入竞争应是今后石油天然气工业改革和重组的重点。政府要建立国家能源管理体制，实行石油战略管理；建立市场准入制度．严格执法；针对石油行业制定有关促进竞争和反垄断的政策；在自然垄断环节实行政府规制；进行石油市场供求信息服务；根据上下游各环节的技术经济特点，采取不同的监管机制。     

Competition Law and Competition Policy in India: How the Competition Commission has Dealt with Anticompetitive Restraints by Government Entities

Review of Industrial Organization - Can adoption of an antitrust/competition law substitute for a formal competition policy that lays down principles for reforming other government policies that...     

Differentiation and Competition in HMO Markets

This paper examines how differentiation among Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) affects local market competition. Most markets for HMOs appear sufficiently unconcentrated; however, differences among HMOs may make competition less intense than the number of competitors would suggest. To investigate this possibility, we distinguish HMOs that serve only local markets from those that operate regional or national networks. We analyze how HMOs of one type affect the profitability of the other using an equilibrium model of entry and product choice. While the two types of HMOs have strong competitive effects within segments, the competitive effect of differentiated firms is negligible.     

Distinguishing costs of cooperation and control in alliances

Firms simultaneously face the need to cooperate with and control an alliance partner. To complement the transaction cost perspective's emphasis on the need to control and limit opportunistic behavior, we examine the sources and impact of the cooperation costs incurred in order to work with a partner. We propose that these costs increase with greater joint task complexity and interpartner diversity, and perceptions of equitable behavior affect the perceptions of these costs. Hypotheses derived from the framework are tested in a sample of 231 contractual alliances between architects and general contractors in the Hong Kong construction industry. We find that both cooperation costs and transaction costs affect the level of time and effort a manager expends on an alliance, supporting our fundamental proposition that the costs of cooperation and control are conceptually and empirically distinct. We argue that cooperation costs should be incorporated into studies that compare the choice of alternative partners and alliance structures, as well as among the broader categories of market, hierarchy, and hybrid governance forms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国"俄罗斯年"呈异彩中俄能源合作取得新进展

2006年,俄罗斯强势复兴,中国加速崛起,两者并行不悖、相得益彰。而“俄罗斯年”在中国的成功举办则成为促进中俄战略协作进一步提升、推动双方经济人文合作持续深化的重要举措。2006年,中俄能源合作在相互投资、组建合资企业、共同勘探开发、油气管线建设、下游加工销售等环节全面取得突破,正进入多层次、全方位、大纵深的新阶段。     

Procedural fairness and interfirm cooperation in strategic alliances

This study applies the justice theory to address interpartner cooperation in strategic alliances. It emphasizes how procedural fairness as perceived by boundary spanners in these alliances influences cooperation outcomes. We theorize that procedural fairness improves cooperation results through enhancing relational value and curtailing relational risk in an environment characterized by both economic and social exchange. Our path analysis suggests that procedural fairness has a direct effect on operational outcome, but an indirect effect on financial outcome via increased trust driven by fairness. Procedural fairness contributes more to performance outcomes when strategic alliances are equity joint ventures than if they are contractual agreements. Theoretical and managerial implications arising from the findings are highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Competition Policy in Africa

Review of Industrial Organization -     

Competition in business networks

Most of those who write about marketing or strategy appear to view competition as the overarching logic of business. Commentators have usually associated competition with improved economic efficiency and customer well-being: they have regarded it as “a good thing”, at least in the abstract or when it only affects others. In contrast to the widespread interest of other researchers and the preoccupations of managers with competition, researchers within the IMP tradition have devoted hardly any attention to the issue in over thirty years of research and the term occurs only infrequently in the IMP literature.     

电子商务与企业竞争力

本文分析电子商务的特点和竞争优势,指出电子商务将对企业造成五个方面的影响和变革,提出为了提高企业竞争力发展电子商务的策略。     

竞争机制与网络产业的规制改革

能否以及如何在铁路运输、电信力、城市公用事业等网络产业引入竞争机制是我国经济体制改革攻坚阶段面临的一个重大而富有挑战性的课题。本文分析了我国网络产业现行体制的弊病以及垄断对其规模经济和范围经济的损害，就该类产业引入竞争机制，弱化其对特定传输网络的依赖，从而通过强化市场机制和厂商内在激励改进其供给效率提出了政策建议。     

Public Procurement Auctions and Competition in Turkey

This paper empirically investigates the effect of the competitive environment (number of participants) on the cost of procurement. We use a unique dataset provided by the Public Procurement Authority (PPA) of Turkey that covers all of the government procurement auctions for the years 2004–2006. First, after controlling for possible endogeneity, we show that the number of bidders significantly and negatively affects the procurement price. Thus, the existence of a more competitive environment significantly decreases procurement costs in Turkey. Second, when auctions are open to foreign participation, the auction price tends to be lower. Finally, prices in services and goods sectors are more sensitive to changes in the number of bidders than is true for the construction sector. The results of this paper have several policy implications for e-procurement and efficient procurement design.     

Competition and structural change in Eastern Europe

Widely publicized reform programs for East Europe which emphasize rapid privatization are questioned on the grounds that structural changes to assure workable competition take precedence and will take years. A mix of deconcentrated state, cooperative, worker-owned, private, and foreignowned business can be workable. Import competition and antitrust legislation have auxiliary roles.     

Competition in government and industry procurement contracting

This study explores government and industry procurement official's perception of inhibiting factor importance to competition in Federal contracting. Within the government sector as well as the industrial sector there are no significant differences in perceived factor importance. However, between the industry and government sectors significant differences in perceived factor importance do exist. The study also reveals some commonality of factors identified by both sectors as important inhibitors to competition.