世界石油史上的竞争与合作

世界石油工业史,既是石油公司的竞争史,也是它们的合作史.世界石油工业史上竞争中的合作,大体经历了两个大阶段.第一个阶段(20世纪70年代以前),大国际石油公司,特别是"石油七姐妹"几乎统治了整个资本主义世界,这个时期石油公司的竞争与合作,基本是围绕它们展开的.第二个阶段(开始于20世纪60年代末70年代初),石油公司与产油国的关系发生了革命性的变化.形成了国际石油公司、国家石油公司、技术服务公司三方之间的"立体"合作关系.回顾世界石油工业的历史,公司与公司之间的竞争相当激烈,但合作已经成为主流.对于中国石油企业来说,应抓住当前机会,加速国际化;采取多种方式参与国际合作;集中海外优势力量,组成"超级航母"的合资公司参与国际竞争;更多地采用"森美"模式,既同大国际石油公司合营,又同石油生产/出口国的国家公司合作,以保障国家能源安全;联合国内优势力量,进行国内资源的勘探开发.     

Critical events in time and space when cooperation turns into competition in business relationships

This study aims to improve our understanding of the processes of critical events in time and space that lead from cooperation to competition in dyadic business relationships. Within the business network approach there has recently been a call for research into both time and competition, and research combining both is novel. The study identifies and analyzes critical events in time, their connections with each other and the inner and outer space related to each event. The empirical study is based on four qualitative cases. The findings contribute to existing research by presenting several new perspectives on events and spaces, which improves our understanding of time and process in business networks. Business relationships may evolve from cooperation to competition through chronological events involving information sharing, sales-related and opportunistic activities. In space, these events mostly relate to the focal business relationships, the individual companies and third parties, such as customers.     

南美洲国家的能源外交与合作

近年来,南美洲国家的能源外交非常活跃,能源合作进一步加强,一体化进程不断加快,并在许多领域取得实质性突破.南美洲国家在委内瑞拉、巴西等国的积极倡导和推动下,以协调本地区政治意愿和资源,获取最大利益以及行使能源主权为目的,提出了多项能源合作和能源一体化计划,这些合作和一体化计划正在实施中.委内瑞拉和巴西还凭借各自在能源领域的优势,在世界范围内开展能源外交,并力图在地区事务中确立自己的主导地位.南美国家开展的能源外交促进了能源合作和一体化,在一定程度上也推动了世界能源多极化的形成.     

也谈石油行业的竞争与重组

判断垄断与否不能简单地根据企业规模和市场份额指标,市场效果最终要看企业行为对消费者利益的影响。石油行业是政府监管下的竞争性行业,是上下游一体化的大型跨国企业和小型专业企业并存的行业。我国石油天然气行业的市场组织特点是,资源和市场的区域性分割与局部过度竞争并存,主要原因是受政策和体制因素的影响。提高我国石油企业的竞争力要靠改进管理体制而不是扩大规模。石油石化企业进一步重组应明确几个问题：(1)做大不等于做强,重组应以效率为目标;(2)要首先将企业改革为真正的企业;(3)市场制度建设要先行;(4)下一轮重组应是企业市场行为而不是政府行政行为。健全石油工业管理体制和有序引入竞争应是今后石油天然气工业改革和重组的重点。政府要建立国家能源管理体制,实行石油战略管理;建立市场准入制度．严格执法;针对石油行业制定有关促进竞争和反垄断的政策;在自然垄断环节实行政府规制;进行石油市场供求信息服务;根据上下游各环节的技术经济特点,采取不同的监管机制。     

Competition Law and Competition Policy in India: How the Competition Commission has Dealt with Anticompetitive Restraints by Government Entities

Review of Industrial Organization - Can adoption of an antitrust/competition law substitute for a formal competition policy that lays down principles for reforming other government policies that...     

电子商务与企业竞争力

本文分析电子商务的特点和竞争优势,指出电子商务将对企业造成五个方面的影响和变革,提出为了提高企业竞争力发展电子商务的策略。     

Competition in business networks

Most of those who write about marketing or strategy appear to view competition as the overarching logic of business. Commentators have usually associated competition with improved economic efficiency and customer well-being: they have regarded it as “a good thing”, at least in the abstract or when it only affects others. In contrast to the widespread interest of other researchers and the preoccupations of managers with competition, researchers within the IMP tradition have devoted hardly any attention to the issue in over thirty years of research and the term occurs only infrequently in the IMP literature.     

Competition Policy in Africa

Review of Industrial Organization -     

竞争机制与网络产业的规制改革

能否以及如何在铁路运输、电信力、城市公用事业等网络产业引入竞争机制是我国经济体制改革攻坚阶段面临的一个重大而富有挑战性的课题。本文分析了我国网络产业现行体制的弊病以及垄断对其规模经济和范围经济的损害，就该类产业引入竞争机制，弱化其对特定传输网络的依赖，从而通过强化市场机制和厂商内在激励改进其供给效率提出了政策建议。     

Administrative cooperation and disease control in cross-border pork production

In recent years, the continuous structural change in the value chain of modern food production has been characterised by an increasing international division of labour among manufacturing companies. A regional specialisation of primary agricultural production is especially apparent in meat production. Thus, the German–Dutch border area has developed into a region of unprecedented intensive pork production. While The Netherlands specialises in piglet production, the production of fattened pigs continues to grow in northwest Germany. As a result of this increasing transnational value chain development, German imports of Dutch piglets have risen continuously since 2000. However, this structural interweaving of pork production between The Netherlands and Germany has resulted in many new challenges for the cooperation between the various participants and in particular for the administrative authorities in the field of food and feed safety as well as efficient animal disease control. The motivation for this exploratory study stems from the lack of scientific work on this topic to date. The aim of this research is to illustrate the relevance of functioning cross-border cooperation in the food sector, using commodity flow structures and disease spread analysis. Results indicate that cross-border cooperation between authorities during a CSF epidemic can reduce the risk of recurrence and the duration by 50%.     

抓住机遇坚定推进中俄能源合作

俄罗斯西面、南面安全环境恶化和梅德韦杰夫总统上任后对促进中俄战略协作伙伴关系新发展的高度重视,为推进中俄能源合作带来了新机遇。国际政治、经济、能源形势的深刻变化和俄罗斯经济实力的变化,决定了今后能源资源依然是俄罗斯实现其世界强国目标的重要支柱,能源外交依然是其实现外交布局和外交政策的重要杠杆。俄罗斯适应形势的变化,积极调整其对外和对内能源政策,并对进一步发展俄中能源合作关系有高度的期待。在中国国际问题研究基金会能源外交研究中心举办的中俄能源合作研讨会上,专家们认为,中俄能源合作虽然取得了积极进展,但远没有达到预期。面对局部的困难,应坚定信心,以新的思维和新的方式全面推进长期稳定、互利共赢的能源合作关系,争取在原油贸易、油气管道建设、勘探开发、炼化等大项目方面的合作取得更多的进展。基于以上的共识,与会专家提出了推动中俄能源合作的思路和对策建议。     

Competition and structural change in Eastern Europe

Widely publicized reform programs for East Europe which emphasize rapid privatization are questioned on the grounds that structural changes to assure workable competition take precedence and will take years. A mix of deconcentrated state, cooperative, worker-owned, private, and foreignowned business can be workable. Import competition and antitrust legislation have auxiliary roles.     

在“一带一路”国际产能合作中建立企业主导与政府推动的协同机制

“一带一路”倡议目前已经取得阶段性成果,正在向落地生根、深耕细作、持久发展的阶段迈进.“一带一路”区域地缘政治风险复杂多样,特别是来自东道国的政治风险、安全风险和政策法律风险,给我国开展国际合作带来了严峻挑战.落实“一带一路”倡议、推进国际产能和装备制造合作是一项系统工程,需要建立企业主导与政府推动的协同机制,重点是加强政府部门的协调、引导、推动和支持作用,有效发挥各类企业的主体作用和行业协会、中介机构的重要作用.还要根据沿线国家国情、资源潜力、风险类型和权力架构的不同,采取不同的政府与企业协同机制.建议:1)加快制定《对外直接投资法》,并完善法律服务体系;2)建立健全科学的“容错机制”;3)注重对外宣传,强化舆论引导;4)在选择产能和装备合作项目时,注重互联互通和可持续发展.     

"我们拥有广阔的合作空间"与北欧世家皮草总裁Ulrik Kirchheiner交谈

合作，对于北欧世家皮草(SAGA)和中国毛皮业来说。不仅意味着中国传统工艺与世家皮草专业技术的结合。同时．中国将成为国际皮草界的重要组成部分。两更多的中国消费者也将熟识SAGA。     

尤科斯事件与中俄能源合作

能源产业是俄罗斯的主要财政支柱和实现经济复兴的“发动机”,私营公司对俄罗斯能源行业的控制、垄断或者出售,将对俄罗斯的经济安全乃至国家安全构成重要的挑战。“尤科斯事件”体现了普京对俄罗斯“石油大棋局”的深刻战略考虑,这种考虑将对俄罗斯能源产业发展、能源外交以及中俄能源合作产生重要影响。加强对油气战略资源的国家控制将成为未来俄发展能源产业和开展对外能源合作的重要原则,具体包括：(1)避免私营公司过度扩张、尾大不掉;(2)决不允许外资在俄能源领域占主导地位;(5)尽管俄要增加石油出口量,但最终决定权要掌握在国家而非私营公司手里。(4)油气管线的控制权要控制在国家手中。在这种大背景下,俄罗斯对外能源合作的游戏规则也将发生相应的改变。中国宜对其进行深入研究,将对俄能源合作放在两国能源战略的大棋局中加以衡量。     

透视垄断与竞争

一、垄断与竞争关系的再认识作为市场经济的一种内生机制,竞争和垄断不但有其存在的必然性,而且有其生存的合理性和历史的进步性。可以毫不夸张地说,现代市场经济的产生是竞争和垄断两股力量共同推动的结果,不含垄断因素的竞争或不带竞争因素的垄断从来是不存在的。要竞争就意味着垄断,要垄断也必须要进行竞争,两者的矛盾运动维系和推动着现代市场经济的运动。现在,我国电力市场的建设,是以计划经济时期形成的垄断市场为起点,经过逐步引入竞争,进而走向竞争性电力市场。在这个演变过程中,应当随时注意处理好竞争与垄断的关系,在电力市场发展…     

Competition and commercial media bias

This paper reviews the empirical evidence on commercial media bias (i.e., advertisers influence over media accuracy) and then introduces a simple model to summarize the main elements of the theoretical literature. The analysis provides three main policy insights for media regulators: (i) Media regulators should target their monitoring efforts towards news contents upon which advertisers are likely to share similar preferences. (ii) In advertising industries characterized by high correlation in products' qualities, an increase in the degree of competition may translate into a lower accuracy of news reports. (iii) A sufficiently high degree of competition in the market for news drives out commercial media bias.     

煤电：纷争还是合作

市场经济的发展和完善。注定了煤电合作的必然性。国际能源竞争加剧，需要煤电双方联合。并建立战略伙伴关系。     

Protection, promotion and cooperation in the European semiconductor industry

EC Member States' national champion policies of the 1970s were not successful in developing firms that led in their home markets, and the corresponding EC policies of the 1980s (many of which encouraged inter-European strategic alliances) were not successful in developing firms that led in the European market. Using strategies that involve world-wide cooperation, European firms are beginning to carve out secure places for themselves in what is now a world market. Joint ventures have been critical in bringing European firms up to world performance levels, but extra-European as well as intra-European cooperation has been essential.