广州市环境库兹涅茨曲线分析

本文以广州市的经济增长和废水、工业废气排放的关系为例，选取了广州市1982～2004年经济增长与废水、废气排放等环境数据，建立了人均GDP与废水、工业废气排放量的模型，并绘制了环境库兹涅茨曲线。研究发现，广州市的经济与环境发展符合环境库兹涅茨曲线，呈倒u形，人均GDP与废水排放量曲线已位于转折点，人均GDP与工业废气排放量曲线已接近转折点，表明该市进入了经济与环境协调发展的有序时期，技术进步和产业结构的调整已产生了明显的环境效益。同时也说明了广州市目前已处于工业化发展的中期，并进入了经济与环境协调发展的有序时期。     

外商直接投资与环境库兹涅茨曲线

论文选取1992～2002年中国29个省市外商直接投资（FDI）、经济和环境相关数据，从定性和定量描述的角度探讨了FDI对我国环境库兹涅茨曲线（ECK）的影响。通过研究发现FDI与水污染物排放之间呈现出显著的正相关关系。不可否认，在我国接受经济全球化影响的过程中，由于部分地区急于吸引外资，加之我国环境管理体系的不完善，在某些方面，外商直接投资对我国环境造成了一定的负面影响。     

北京市环境库兹涅茨曲线特征分析

本文选取北京市1989～2006年的经济与环境数据,建立了北京市经济增长与主要污染物排放的计量模型,绘制了北京市主要污染物排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线。实证研究表明,自20世纪90年代以来,北京市的主要污染物排放已经得到有效控制,北京市正在走上高增长、低污染的可持续发展道路。产业结构的优化、环境政策的强力实施、环境技术的后发优势和公众环境意识的提高是北京市实现经济与环境和谐发展的关键因素。     

Testing the role of urban development in the conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: evidence from Turkey

We tested the role of urbanization in the conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of Turkey’s developing economy and rapid urbanization. The effects of an increase in carbon dioxide emissions were due to the usage of fuel oil and other traditional energy consumption patterns related to urban development. Based on our findings, we suggest that the EKC of Turkey is not an inverted U-shape. Thus, adapting of alternative and clean energy systems is necessary and unavoidable in Turkey, and Turkish authorities should consider renewable and alternative uses of energy to sustain a stable EKC.     

环境库兹涅茨曲线假说及其在中国的检验

经济与环境协调发展是我国经济发展中的重大课题。本文从环境库兹涅茨曲线假说出发,利用中国各个省市区1989～2004年数据建立面板数据模型,运用固定效应模型和随机效应模型对其进行估计,以此剖析我国经济增长与环境污染水平的演变规律。结果表明,环境库兹涅茨曲线假说在我国并不成立。因此,我国不能盲目重复发达国家"先污染,后治理"的传统模式,而应该走环境与经济持续协调发展的道路。     

On Impatience, Economic Growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Analysis of Resource Management

The paper presents a dynamic analysis of natural resource management and investigates some key factors that affect optimal management and resource conservation.Using a recursive specification of time preferences, we show how endogenous discounting and impatience can affect the motivation for both capital investments and environmental preservation. We examine the relationships between economic growth and environmental quality. Endogenous discounting provides new insights in the economic dynamics underlying the environmental Kuznets curve. By treating growth as endogenous, we examine how externalities and economic growth interact with each other. We investigate how economic development can contribute to an increased demand for environmental preservation. As an important new result, we also show how poverty can contribute to environmental degradation.     

经济增长与环境质量可持续发展的实证分析

本文以我国工业在发展过程中产生的“三废”为研究对象,以环境库兹涅茨曲线假设为基础,通过比较新旧环境库兹涅茨模型构建了能较好反映经济增长对环境影响的计量模型,并对其环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及所涉及的和经济增长环境的关系进行了分析,得到经济增长与环境质量之间的关系,并依据此关系给出经济与环境可持续发展的政策建议。     

中国沿海地区省域经济发展与海洋环境污染关系的EKC模型检验

选取中国沿海 11个省(市、区) 2001-2016年的人均国民生产总值 (PGDP)和人均海洋生产总值 (PGOP)为经济指标、近岸海域劣于三类水质面积比重 (E)为环境污染指标、检验沿海地区整体和 11个省 (市、区)海洋环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)存在的可能性和形态。结果表明：(1)沿海地区整体存在海洋 EKC曲线、且以 PGDP为经济指标的拟合曲线呈 “U型”、以 PGOP为经济指标的拟合曲线呈“单调递减型”。 (2)沿海 11个省 (市、区)仅有山东、上海、广东 3省 (市)存在海洋 EKC曲线、且形态有所差异。 (3)不同指标选择和不同时段数据都会对海洋EKC曲线的存在性和形态产生影响。该研究拓展了EKC模型在海洋经济与生态环境关系的研究视角、研究结论可为促进陆域经济开发与海洋生态环境保护协调发展的策略制定提供现实参考。     

The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Flow versus Stock Pollution: The Neglect of Future Damages

In this paper we offer a possible explanation for the empirical finding that the pollution-income relationship (PIR) for flow pollutants is an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), i.e. inverted-U shaped, but that the PIR for stock pollutants is monotonically rising. We analyse an overlapping generations model with two pollutants: The flow pollutant causes immediate damages, but the stock pollutant harms the environment only in the future. Hence, a succession of myopic governments lets stock pollution grow with income. In contrast, the flow pollutant follows an EKC whose downturn might be caused by the neglect of future damages and by ever rising stock pollution: Without the stock pollutant the PIR for the flow pollutant can increase monotonically. We also show that the turning point of the EKC for the flow pollutant lies at lower levels of income and of flow pollution if stock pollution is high and harmful. This casts doubts on most empirical EKC studies because they assume that the turning point occurs at the same income level in all countries. However, it is consistent with recent empirical findings that the income level at the turning point of the EKC varies across countries.     

A Dynamic Model of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning Point and Public Policy

We set up a simple dynamic macroeconomic model with (i) polluting consumption and a preference for a clean environment, (ii) increasing returns in abatement giving rise to an EKC and (iii) sustained growth resulting from a linear final-output technology. There are two sorts of market failures caused by external effects associated with consumption and environmental effort. The model is employed to investigate the determinants of the turning point and the cost effectiveness of different public policies aimed at a reduction of the environmental burden. Moreover, the model offers a potential explanation of an N-shaped pollution–income relation. It is shown that the model is compatible with most empirical regularities on economic growth and the environment.      

地方经济增长与环境质量——以山东省域为例的库兹涅茨曲线分析

对于不同地区、不同污染物而言,经济增长与环境质量之间的关系不尽相同,表现为环境库兹涅茨曲线呈现地域性和时间性差异。本文在回顾相关研究成果的基础上,采用山东省17个城市1995～2008年的面板数据,建立涵盖污染物排放指标和环境监测指标两大类、11种环境指标与人均GDP之间的计量经济模型,对环境质量变化与山东省经济增长的关系进行实证检验,比较污染排放指标与环境监测指标的检验结果,进而评估人口规模、产业结构、对外开放以及环境政策等控制变量对污染物排放和环境质量的影响。结果显示,尽管部分环境指标处于下行通道,但山东省环境目前整体状况和未来趋势不容乐观,应进一步加大节能减排力度,完善污染治理的体制机制,改善治理效果。