THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL STOCK, UNEMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN NINE EMU COUNTRIES

The focus of this paper is to investigate the importance of the capital stock in the determination of wages and unemployment in a range of EMU countries and to compare the results across countries. A time‐series analysis is conducted in the case of nine euro area countries, which were selected solely on the basis of data availability and consistency: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain. The paper begins with a short review of the literature on capital stock and unemployment, before it deals with the theoretical model. This is followed by estimation and testing of the theoretical model put forward, using both time‐series and panel data. The results are supportive of the main hypothesis of the paper: capital stock is an important determinant of unemployment and wages in the countries considered for the purposes of the paper.     

房地产投资、房地产信贷与中国经济增长

本文使用中国35个大中城市1996-2007年的数据考察了房地产投资、房地产信贷与经济增长的互动关系。实证结果表明,第一,经济增长对房地产投资影响大于房地产投资对经济增长的影响。因此,一旦经济增长出现波动,将导致房地产投资剧烈波动,但房地产投资波动将引起经济增长较小波动。第二,房地产购买对经济增长的影响大于房地产开发投资;信贷对开发商比对购房者更重要。第三,经济增长对房地产信贷的影响大于房地产信贷对经济增长的影响。因此,一旦经济增长下跌,将导致房地产信贷严重萎缩。第四,房地产投资对经济增长的影响大于房地产信贷对经济增长的影响,但经济增长对房地产信贷的影响大于房地产投资对房地产信贷的影响。因此,一旦经济下滑,将严重压缩房地产信贷规模,但对房地产投资影响较小。第五,房价对房地产信贷影响大于经济增长和利率对房地产信贷的影响。一旦房价下跌,房地产信贷将严重萎缩,从而可能引发违约风险和房地产金融危机。为此,政府更应控制房价的过快增长。     

SENIORITY WAGES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH*

Economies that lack well‐developed markets for mobilizing household savings may, in some instances, grow faster than those that are financially more developed, provided that their labour markets are also characterized by seniority rather than spot wages. This occurs because of a Kaldorian redistribution effect in a model where households have finite‐horizons and where older workers, as an endogenous feature, have higher saving rates.