秉节持重，问诸水滨？创业者底线心态对创业团队社会责任的影响研究

底线心态是指为确保底线结果而忽略竞争优先事项的一维思维。文章在创业环境下考察了底线心态，基于角色理论以及个人特征影响信息可及性的观点，分析了创业者道德意识在创业者底线心态与创业团队承担的社会责任间的中介效应，并进一步探讨了道德认同的调节效应。基于212名创业者样本数据进行实证检验，结果表明：创业者底线心态会通过创业者道德意识间接影响创业团队社会责任，创业者道德认同负向调节这一间接效应。文章通过关注创业团队社会责任的个人层面影响因素，即底线心态，深化和拓展了创业团队社会责任微观基础的理论研究。     

效果推理理论与创业者行为关系影响研究

效果推理理论与传统创业管理有所不同,区别于因果理论,偏重于通过对自我认知及现有资源的充分利用,从而在不确定性的环境中随时应对突发情况及问题。根据效果推理理论,创业者在创业活动中通过组建团队、获取资源等方式掌控未来,而不是预测未来及市场行为,本文研究创业者如何在不确定的(VUCA)环境中应用效果推理理论进行一系列创业决策,从而解决创业过程中产生的多方面问题。     

浅谈大学新生的角色转变和适应问题

大学新生进入新的环境存在诸多不适应，如果不及时调适则会引发多方面的问题。本文从大学新生生的角色及角色转变出发，通过对角色转变中存在的矛盾冲突进行分析，引出学生工作者在引导学生适应的过程中应注意的主要问题。     

全国甲级旅游民宿墨兰山舍创业过程研究

乡村民宿作为一种乡村生活新方式,民宿创业逐步成为返乡入乡创新创业人员的重要选择。文章以全国甲级旅游民宿墨兰山舍为例,通过深度访谈,将乡村民宿创业过程划分为构想、创立、成长和成熟4个阶段,聚焦乡村振兴视域下民宿创业过程的规律性与特殊性,构建乡村民宿创业过程模型。研究发现：创业者特质、先前经验、创业资源、创业环境是推动创办乡村民宿创业的前因;民宿建造与设计、民宿特色服务、民宿运营管理是乡村民宿创业过程的基础;创业综合效益、商业模式创新是乡村民宿创业成功的重要保证;民宿战略转型、文化感知构架会直接影响或者改变民宿未来发展方向。     

企业中的角色转型

在丽华快餐老总蒋建平创业长期跟踪中，《商界名家》分别在不同时期对他给出过”创业者”和”创业家”的角色评价。而在其丽华成为中式快餐标杆，他的创业又成为一个十分关键时期，《商界名家》又对他寄予”企业家”的角色期待——其实，由创业者到创业家，再到企业家，恰恰勾划出了创业中的角色转型路径。     

关于我国中小企业创业的环境分析

创业研究不能仅仅关注创业者的特征和行为,而应将创业的社会、经济和政治基础看成外部变量。因而分析外部环境的社会系统观点更有助于创业过程。文章对影响中小企业创业的外部环境因素进行了分析,提出了建设中小企业创业环境的对策。     

论创业者心理健康的维护与辅导

创业者是创业的主体,是创业过程中最根本的因素,没有创业者就没有创业可言。创业的成功在很大程度上取决于创业者的心理素质,没有较高的心理健康水平,将不能适应现代社会发展的需要。作为新时代的创业者,必须了解一些心理健康的知识以及心理维护与辅导的基本方法。     

双创背景下返乡创业者融资途径研究

在"大众创业,万众创新"的背景下,越来越多的青年人选择回乡创业。然而,我国县域乡镇创业环境仍然存在问题,融资难成为返乡创业者的一大难题。本文主要立足于对返乡创业者融资现状的分析,从政府、金融机构、高校、创业者自身四个角度探讨在创新创业背景下,如何解决返乡创业者的融资困境,优化县域创业环境、提高创业成功率。     

公司创业导向与绩效的关系分析

复杂多变的市场环境促使越来越多的公司采取创业导向战略.本文在总结影响公司创业导向因素的基础上.结合公司所具备的创业导向的水平及维度,考察创业导向、环境动态性和创业者特质的关系,探索创业导向如何影响绩效这一复杂的动态过程,以期更有效地提高组织绩效.     

制度创业:过程、策略及实施

本文在分析制度创业相关文献的基础上,发现以往的研究较少考察组织场域各个发展阶段中制度创业者所采取的策略手段。针对这一现状,本文首先提出了在制度创业的定义和过程研究中达成的共识;其次针对组织场域的五个制度创业阶段,试图从不同的制度创业类型与阶段来考察制度创业策略;最后将阶段划分理念融入到制度创业策略研究当中,并提出适合不同制度创业阶段的创业策略及实施方法。     

The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship

This paper takes a macroperspective of entrepreneurship, and focuses on the issues and events involved in constructing an industrial infrastructure that facilitates and constrains entrepreneurship. This infrastructure includes: (1) institutional arrangements to legitimate, regulate, and standardize a new technology, (2) public resource endowments of basic scientific knowledge, financing mechanisms, and a pool of competent labor, as well as (3) proprietary R&D, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution functions by private entrepreneurial firms to commercialize the innovation for profit. Although extensive research substantiates the importance of these infrastructure components, they have been treated as externalities to entrepreneurship. By incorporating these components within a single framework, one can systematically examine how various actors and functions interact to facilitate and constrain entrepreneurship.The paper makes three contributions to understanding entrepreneurship. First, I believe that the study of entrepreneurship is deficient if it focuses exclusively on the characteristics and behaviors of individual entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and if it treats the social, economic, and political factors influencing entrepreneurship as external demographic statistics, on the other hand. Popular folklore notwithstanding, the process of entrepreneurship is a collective achievement requiring key roles from numerous entrepreneurs in both the public and private sectors.Second, the paper examines how and why this infrastructure for entrepreneurship emerges. I argue that while this infrastructure facilitates and constrains individual entrepreneurs, it is the latter who construct and change the industrial infrastructure. This infrastructure does not emerge and change all at once by the actions of one or even a few key entrepreneurs. Instead, it emerges through the accretion of numerous institutional, resource, and proprietary events that co-produce each other over an extended period. Moreover, the very institutional arrangements and resource endowments created to facilitate industry emergence can become inertial forces that hinder subsequent technological development and adaptation by proprietary firms. This generative process has a dynamic history that is itself important to study systematically if one is to understand how novel forms of technologies, organizations, and institutions emerge.Finally, the paper emphasizes that the process of entrepreneurship is not limited to the for-profit sector; numerous entrepreneurial actors in the public and not-for-profit sectors play crucial roles. It motivates one to examine the different roles played by these actors, and how their joint contributions interact to develop and commercialize a new technology. This in turn makes it possible to understand how the risk, time, and cost to an individual entrepreneur are significantly influenced by developments in the overall Infrastructure for entrepreneurship. It also explains why the entrepreneurs who run in packs will be more successful than those that go it alone to develop their innovations.     

Home-based entrepreneurship and multiple roles—an inter-role conflict

Home-based entrepreneurship has been identified as an alternative source of employment and income for residents of non-metropolitan communities. Although economic and social advantages of home-based work have been identified, negative factors associated with home-based entrepreneurship have also been reported Home-based entrepreneurs may experience inter-role conflict as a result of an overlapping of roles (i.e. work/family) within the environs of the home. Findings from interviews with home-based entrepreneurs are discussed in relation to the multiplicity of roles of the home-based entrepreneur. Further, implications are addressed concerning the conflicts arising from multiple role demand as a home-based entrepreneur.     

Moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risktaking propensity on the role conflict-perceived performance relationship: Evidence from singaporean entrepreneurs

This study investigates the effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risktaking propensity in mediating the relationships between role conflict and perceived performance among 70 entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses in Singapore. Entrepreneurial activity has been widely recognized as a major factor driving Singapore's economic development. Further insights therefore can be gained by this study, which addresses the above issues from the perspective of Singaporean entrepreneurs. As founders of their enterprises, entrepreneurs are often involved with many aspects of activities that create a high potential for conflict, having to play multiple roles, coping with competing and conflicting demands, and overcoming or accommodating to constraints. Role conflict faced by the entrepreneur can impede the entrepreneur's ability to perform effectively. However, the relationship between role conflict and perceived performance is not direct.Many entrepreneurial decisions will also involve ambiguity, because these decisions result in actions that are innovative and original. As entrepreneurs, they will have a significantly greater capacity to tolerate ambiguity than managers have. This suggests that an entrepreneur's tolerance for ambiguity may be able to assist in dealing with, or to moderate, the adverse personal effects of role pressures generated by role conflict. Investigation into this is the thrust of the first part of this research.The literature on entrepreneurship has often portrayed the entrepreneur as a risk-taker with expectation of receiving a profit as reward for this risk-bearing. Many studies on risk-taking behavior among entrepreneurs are focused on the risk-profile of entrepreneurs, that is, whether entrepreneurs are decidedly more risk-taking than nonentrepreneurs. In this second part of research, the investigation examines whether the effects of role conflict on performance outcomes are tempered by the entrepreneur's risk-taking propensity. An entrepreneur with high risk-taking propensity is more likely to succeed in coping with uncertainty and minimizing role stress than one with low risk-taking propensity.Results indicate that Singaporean entrepreneurs higher on tolerance for ambiguity or in risk-taking propensity are better positioned to “neutralize” the effects of role stress in the entrepreneurial role, leading to better performance outcomes. The weaker interactive effects however could be explained by several constraining circumstances: “the stringent control and omnipresence of the government in most businesses” (Tan and Tay 1994); “dominance of MNCs in key industries, and the domination of government-linked businesses in various services” (Boey and Chiam-Lee 1994)—all of which are said to somewhat discourage risk-taking and uncertainty-bearing. Despite the small moderator effects, these findings should be of significance to practitioners, because they suggest that the examination of the relationship between role conflict and performance would be incomplete without also considering the moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risk-taking propensity.     

When institutional change outruns the change agent: The contested terrain of entrepreneurial microfinance for those in poverty

We argue that institutional change moves through stages punctuated by recurring attempts to formally redefine the boundaries and logics of organizational fields that institutional entrepreneurs initially establish. With a grounded theory model, we demonstrate that institutional change in microfinance started with dominant development logic, shifted to market logic, and got stuck in a conflict over regulatory logic. We show how the role of the entrepreneur can change markedly over time while the institutional change process continues unabated. We present institutional entrepreneurship as an evolving phenomenon and suggest that the interplay between institutional entrepreneurs and established organizational fields is highly nuanced.     

反应性角色行为、工作—家庭冲突与创业导向关系研究

利用中国创业动态跟踪项目（CPSED）的调查数据,本文实证考察了反应性角色行为、工作〖CD*2〗家庭双向冲突与创业导向之间的作用关系,研究发现反应性角色行为对化解冲突的作用并不显著,创业干涉家庭冲突则对创新性、风险承担性和先动性创业导向产生了正向影响。研究结论丰富了工作〖CD*2〗家庭冲突理论,深化了创业导向的研究成果,对我国新生创业者在开展创业实践中理性应对工作〖CD*2〗家庭冲突进而提升企业成长质量也具有重要的管理实践启示。     

Female Entrepreneurs,Work–Family Conflict,and Venture Performance: New Insights into the Work–Family Interface*

Existing theory is extended to predict the effectiveness of strategies for structurally reducing work–family conflict by manipulating roles, given the salience of work and family roles and resources available to the female entrepreneur. A conceptual framework based on the constructs of role involvement and role conflict is used to examine whether high‐growth female entrepreneurs choose more appropriate strategies for reducing work–family conflict than their less successful counterparts. Three basic strategies for manipulating roles are discussed: (1) role elimination; (2) role reduction; and (3) role‐sharing. The following propositions are advanced: (1) work–family management strategies are a significant determinant of venture growth; (2) women who develop high‐growth businesses more effectively reduce work–family conflict by choosing strategies better matched with their internal needs and access to external resources than less successful women; and (3) role‐sharing strategies are preferred because they allow women to enjoy the enhancement of both work and family roles while reducing the level of inter‐role conflict. As a result, the high prevalence of team‐building and participative management practices observed in women‐owned businesses may be driven by the need for female entrepreneurs to manage work–family conflicts as well as genetics or socialization.     

Role Models and Women Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Superwoman Has Her Say

It is suggested that more “role model” women entrepreneurs are needed. However, the gender gap in entrepreneurship remains. This study analyses the narratives of 51 role model women entrepreneurs to explore how they represent women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. We found that in accordance with the contemporary pressure for women to succeed and perform personally and professionally, the voice of the (super)woman doing “individualized entrepreneurial femininity” dominates. The role models narratives obscure race, class, and age barriers; reproduce prevailing gender stereotypes; normalize discriminatory workplace treatment and depict entrepreneurship as an appropriate alternative for working mothers. Implications for policy makers are presented.     

Noneconomic effects of ethnic entrepreneurship: A focused look at the Chinese and Korean enclave economies in Los Angeles

In this article, we aim to develop a conceptual framework from a community perspective to examine the noneconomic effects of ethnic entrepreneurship, paying close attention to the linkage between entrepreneurship and community building. We base our analysis on ethnographic data from our comparative case studies of the Chinese and Korean enclave economies in Los Angeles. We argue that it is the social embeddedness of entrepreneurship, rather than individual entrepreneurs per se, that creates a unique social environment conducive to upward social mobility. This study suggests that ethnic entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in immigrant adaptation beyond observable economic gains. Policy implications are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Not so silent partners: Exploring the interconnected roles of entrepreneurs and their spouses

When launching their ventures, the majority of entrepreneurs are married. Yet, our understanding of the spousal influence on the entrepreneurial process remains limited. This is surprising considering the spouse represents one of the most influential figures in an individual's life. Through an inductive qualitative analysis of 18 spouse-entrepreneur pairs, we explore the interactive nature of venture-related roles between the spousal couple and how these spousal roles evolve over the course of the venture. Our study shows that the dynamic alignment between entrepreneurial roles and spousal roles allows the venture to progress through various stages of firm innovation, creation, and growth. Thus, our paper extends the broader literature on roles during the venturing process as we illuminate the “not-so-silent role” of spouses in entrepreneurship.