Gender,Low-Paid Status,and Time Poverty in Urban China

ABSTRACT

Using synthetic data from the 2008 China Time Use Survey (CTUS) and the 2008 China Household Income Project (CHIP), this study estimates time-poverty rates and compares the profiles of time-poor men and women workers in urban China. In line with previous research, time poverty is defined as a lack of enough time for rest and leisure. Three time-poverty measures are adopted. By all three measures, women paid workers and low-paid workers account for a disproportionate share of the time poor. Regression analysis further shows that, other things being equal, workers who are women, low-paid, married, and who live with children or the elderly in counties with higher overtime rates and lower minimum wage standards are more likely to be time poor. Simulations indicate that enforcing working time regulations and raising minimum wage standards could be effective for reducing time poverty.     

The Care Economy in Post-Reform China: Feminist Research on Unpaid and Paid Work and Well-Being

ABSTRACT

As China embarked on the path of economic and social reforms, social provisions from the Maoist era were dismantled, and care responsibilities shifted back from the state to the household. Rural–urban migration, a steep decline in fertility, and increasing longevity have led to changes in the age structure of the population both overall and by region. Using seven different surveys, the eleven contributions in this volume study the distributive consequences of post-reform care policies and the impact of unpaid care responsibilities on women’s and men’s opportunities and gender inequality. Overall, reduced care services have created care deficits for disadvantaged groups, including low-income rural elderly and children. The shifted care burden has also limited women’s ability to participate fully in the market economy and has contributed to rising gender inequalities in labor force participation, off-farm employment, earnings, pensions, and mental health outcomes.     

Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in France,Italy, Sweden,and the US

Abstract

This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course.     

Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid Care Work: Findings From China's First Large‐Scale Time Use Survey

Using data from the 2008 China Time Use Survey, this paper examines the gender patterns of time allocation over paid work, unpaid care work, and non‐work activity and estimates the monetary value of unpaid care work. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique is applied to explore the tradeoff between the three types of activity. The estimates show that, holding constant individual characteristics and regional effects, the total work time of women is higher than that of men by 7 hours per week in the rural sector and by 10.5 hours per week in the urban sector. The monetary value of unpaid care work is estimated by five methods. Depending on the method used, the value assigned to unpaid care work varies from 25 to 32 percent of China's GDP, from 52 to 66 percent of final consumption, and from 63 to 80 percent of the gross products of tertiary industry.     

Unpaid Care Work's Interference with Paid Work and the Gender Earnings Gap in China

This paper examines the effects of unpaid care work on the earnings of men and women in China by using data from the 2008 China Time Use Survey, the country's first, large-scale time-use survey. The study introduces three indicators to measure the degree to which unpaid care work may “interfere” with paid work, either by directly disrupting it or by being intertwined with it. The regression estimates show that while the amount of time spent on unpaid care work negatively affects the earnings of both men and women, the interference of unpaid work with paid work lowers earnings more for women than for men. Quantitatively, the gender differences in the time spent on unpaid care work and its interference with paid work account for 28 percent of the gender earnings gap in China.     

办公环境与心理健康

本文从办公室的空气环境、视觉环境、声音环境、电磁辐射、空间布局等几方面出发,分别阐述了这些物理因素对员工心理健康的影响,并提出为员工提供一个舒适的工作空间,有利于员工提高工作满意度与工作效率,以及有助于员工的心理健康。     

论我国精神卫生法的人文关怀思想

我国《精神卫生法》的人文关怀理念主要体现在：用人们易于接受的概念替代具有歧视性的称谓,尊重患者知情同意权,住院制度人性化,促进患者早日回归社会,关爱、理解和尊重精神卫生工作人员等方面。     

Childcare,Household Composition,Muslim Ethnicity,and Off-Farm Work in Rural China

ABSTRACT

This study explores how religious and ethnic norms and gender relations interact across the domestic and public spheres of work in rural China's minority-concentrated regions. It focuses on the roles that childcare and household composition play in the employment decisions of prime-age married individuals of Muslim and non-Muslim ethnicity. Using the 2012 China Household Ethnicity Survey (CHES), the study finds that children generally decrease women's likelihood of employment outside the home and increase men's. The gender gap in the probability of off-farm employment is larger for those of Muslim ethnicity. Non-Muslim parents of sons are more likely to migrate for employment than parents of daughters. The presence of women of grandparent age (46–70) universally facilitates labor migration. Men of grandparent age tend to increase only the probability that non-Muslim parents migrate for employment. Additional adult male household members reduce the likelihood that women of Muslim ethnicity have off-farm employment.     

Counting Care Work in Social Policy: Valuing Unpaid Child- and Eldercare in Korea

This study demonstrates the usefulness of quantifying and valuing time spent on unpaid care work and explores the links between social policies, unpaid care work, and gender equality in the context of recent social care reforms in the Republic of Korea. Using information provided by two nationally representative surveys, this article elaborates on the gendered organization of care provision and the total costs of care services for children and the elderly, including unpaid family care, family expenditures on care services, and state support in the form of public expenditures. The study finds that omitting the role of family care services overestimates the state's role in caring for children and elderly adults. A closer look at the impact of long-term care insurance reveals the need for integrated analyses of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the social organization of care, especially in regard to gender equality.     

“知识分子负担”与家务劳动——劳心与劳力、性别与阶级之一

20世纪80年代关于“知识分子负担”的讨论凸显了脑力劳动（业务工作）和体力劳动（家务劳动）的矛盾,使家务劳动的问题成为一个阶层的特有负担,而遮蔽了性别的问题。重读80年代的小说《人到中年》可以读出以下问题：家务劳动在话语上怎样变成了一种负担？陆文婷为什么只能代表知识分子,而不是女性？谁是家务劳动理想的、合适的承担者？“知识分子负担”的话语如何为保姆进城搭台？对小部分家庭而言,雇佣家务劳动是用阶级的关系“解决”家务劳动中性别分工的问题和家务劳动社会化不足的问题。社会主流对家务劳动的定位、认识和处理反映出改革时代的现代化进程中,脑体、城乡和男女这三组社会差别的重构。     

税负水平对中国投资、创业和就业的影响

鼓励私人投资和创业活动是改善民生的重要举措之一,对建立微型和中小企业、扩大就业途径和增加就业具有极其重要约作用。然而,和国际上许多国家相比,中国投资在创业约税费负担明显偏重,这种情况不利于私人投资、创业和就业,严重制约了中小企业的建立和发展,也不利于中国经济稳定增长。政府要通过制定合理的税负水平,取消各种乱收费和罚款,给投资、创业和就业创造一个宽松的社会环境。     

高校教师压力、心理健康现状及对策研究

以220名浙江省高校教师为被试,对其进行了压力和心理健康状况的调查研究,并提出缓解其压力、提升其心理健康水平的对策。     

城市农民工心理健康及群体差异调查研究——以浙江省温州市为例

运用SCL-90量表对温州市部分农民工进行调查,结果发现城市农民工心理健康水平显著低于全国常模,不同性别、婚姻、年龄、岗位和文化程度的城市农民工的心理健康状况各有差异。     

The Health Inequality between the Rural and Urban Area in China

China＇s accomplishments in health sector over the past decades have been internationally recognized. However, these accomplishments have disguised the deep health inequality between the urban and rural areas. This paper aims to investigate the health inequality from the perspectives of health status, health care utilization and health insurance on the basis of statistic data. Finally, the authors propose some advices of addressing the inequality.     

健康性别不平等与政府卫生预算的社会性别分析

从社会性别的角度分析了我国不同性别之间的健康需求、预算配置和服务受益情况。(1)我国女性人口卫生服务需求高于男性,且经济欠发达地区女性卫生服务利用受到一定程度抑制;(2)性别问题并非当前预算体制下卫生预算分配的主要关注点,但目前已有促进两性平等利用卫生服务的实际行动和措施;(3)在当前公共卫生投入政策下,两性公共卫生服务受益差异不明显。(4)现有统计信息系统大多不归集分性别资料,尤其是预算数据,因此尚无法对政府卫生预算开展深入的性别分析。要推进性别预算观念和分性别统计工作,逐步建立和完善我国的性别预算框架和操作规范,将社会性别纳入健康政策主流,使健康政策和政府卫生预算增加社会性别公平。     

浅谈高校体育教学中的心理健康教育

在全面实施素质教育,树立“健康第一”的指导思想的过程中,健康体魄是青少年为祖国和人民服务的基本前提,是中华民族旺盛生命力的体现。因此,应该将体育教育和健康教育紧密结合起来,形成以身体锻炼,体育保健和心理健康有机结合的学校体育教育,以提高学校体育活动,改善心理状态,克服心理障碍,活动的乐趣和成功的感觉,使学生身心得到全面健康发展。     

我国宏观税负构成的分析与调整

宏观税负率是衡量一个国家宏观税负水平高低的一个重要指标，本文结合我国实际情况，充分考虑收收收入及非税收入的共同作用，对我国从1994年以来不断上升的宏观税负水平加以分析。文章以宏观税负的内部构成为出发点，通过回归模型总结出宏观税负上升的内部原因，用以找到进行合理税制调整的方向。     

Gender,Decent Work,and Global Production Sharing in Indonesian Manufacturing

Abstract:

Global commodity chains reflect and affect gendered labor markets. This article uses the Decent Work framework from the International Labour Organization to analyze employment outcomes for Indonesian workers in manufacturing. This research investigates trends in feminized manufacturing sectors in variously sized firms. Regression analyses is used to evaluate how firm characteristics related to global production sharing effect decent work outcomes for women and men, as well as female share of employment itself. The results suggest that exports and FDI affect men and women differently and that feminization and decent work outcomes depend on how the sector is positioned along the global value chain.     

高职院校心理健康教育的成本及收益探析

从现实状况看,许多高职院校对在校生心理健康教育的投入呈逐年增加趋势,但关于心理健康教育的成本和收益分析却鲜有报道。如何计算心理健康教育的成本支出,如何从定性和定量角度分析心理健康教育所带来的收益,这都应成为高职院校关注的重点。     

老年人心理健康影响因素的调查研究--从人格特征与应对方式二因素分析

人格特征和应对方式对老年人心理健康具有重要影响。采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、应对方式问卷和心理健康症状自评量表(SCL-90),对老年人人格特征、应对方式和心理健康作了问卷调查。人格特征对老年人心理健康具有直接的影响作用。外向型性格有利于老年人心理健康,神经质性格不利于老年人心理健康;人格特征还通过应对方式对老年人心理健康具有间接的影响作用。外向型性格老年人常用求助的应对方式,它更有利于心理健康,神经质性格老年人常用自责的应对方式,它更不利于心理健康。