马克思剩余价值理论的数理表达与创新

文章尝试从两个方面对马克思主义剩余价值理论进行探讨:一是依据马克思剩余价值基本理论抽理出这一理论的基本假定条件,并在这些假定条件下构建经典马克思剩余价值函数的基本模型,然后根据现代经济发展变化的现实,改变部分假定条件,尝试构建一个新约束条件下的剩余价值动态模型,这是现代马克思主义经济学创新的重要内容。二是探讨马克思主义剩余价值最大化生产模型与西方利润最大化的沟通与连接的问题,并通过数学推理证明两个模型在技术层面是完全可以相互沟通,这是现代马克思主义经济学繁荣发展的重要途径。     

速度层次交流理论及其在农村剩余劳动力转移中的应用

农村剩余劳动力转移问题能否合理解决 ,不仅直接影响到中国农民收入、农民生活条件和实现农业现代化的进程 ,而且也关系到非农产业乃至整个国民经济的协调发展。在本文中作者提出了速度层次交流理论 ,并从该理论出发提出解决中国农村剩余劳动力的相关政策建议及措施。     

论剩余价值理论的学术价值及其发展依据

目前 ,马克思剩余价值理论面临着来自两个方面的挑战 :一个是一些人试图否定该理论的学术价值 ;另一个是一些人将该理论看成是不需要随社会经济条件变化而发展的自然科学理论 ,从而窒息了该理论的发展路径。因此 ,针对上述挑战 ,本文从 3个方面论述了剩余价值理论的学术价值 ,并通过实证分析当今发达国家企业生产和分配制度安排的 4种变化 ,阐明了剩余价值理论在新的历史条件下得以继续发展的现实依据。     

雇佣关系、剩余分割与企业的雇用效率

现阶段,围绕经济利益分配产生的民营企业劳资纠纷日渐增多,这使得规范分析民营企业内部的利益分配机制成为必要。基于契约框架,文章阐述了雇佣剩余的由来和剩余分割的必要性,剖析了雇佣关系、剩余分割与企业雇用效率①之间的逻辑关系、影响机理及均衡的实现机制,最终指出:雇佣剩余是雇佣关系存续的基础;分割剩余不仅是维系雇佣关系的内在要求,而且更有助于促进企业雇用效率的提高,这对企业的现时绩效和长远发展都具有根本性意义。     

Marx,Sraffa, and Surplus: Observations Prompted by Garegnani (2018)

ABSTRACT

In a posthumously published article, Pierangelo Garegnani (2018. ‘On the Labour Theory of Value in Marx and in the Marxist Tradition.’) depicts Marx’s project in Capital as that of ‘developing systematically the theory of Ricardo and [the] implications of social conflict’ implied by Ricardo’s ‘surplus approach to value and distribution’. This paper argues to the contrary that Marx’s theory of surplus value and exploitation differs from (neo-)Ricardian surplus theory in fundamental ways, and modifies Garegnani’s simple Sraffian model to illustrate the distinctive implications of Marx’s theory.     

贸易顺差、资本流入与中国外汇储备规模增长

本文通过协整检验和Granger因果关系检验,对影响我国外汇储备规模快速增长的诸因素进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,（1）我国外汇储备规模与年出口额、外国证券投资、外商直接投资、外债还本付息额具有长期的稳定关系。（2）年出口规模与外汇储备规模之间具有单向因果关系,是造成外汇储备快速增长的主要原因。（3）外商直接投资、外国证券投资和外汇储备规模具有正向相关关系,其影响强度较弱;而外债还本付息额与外汇储备呈负向相关关系。（4）1986年～2009年间,贸易顺差对外汇储备规模增长的贡献度约为68%,而资本流入约为32%。本文基于实证分析结果认为,采取贸易项目收支平衡战略以减少外汇储备过度增长是最佳的选择。     

分工、协作与企业合作剩余创造——马克思企业理论分析框架的一般化

马克思企业理论有着科学的方法论基础和开放性的理论体系.但由于其企业理论揭示资本主义剥削本质的特殊使命,使其具有一定的特殊性.本文在遵循马克思企业理论科学的逻辑框架基础上,通过引入经济、制度环境和政府权力的相机介入而尝试构建了马克思企业理论的一般化分析框架--分工、协作与企业合作刺余创造范式.该范式内生地解释了企业的产生.融合了企业内效率与公平问题.突出了企业生产性本质和追求合作剩余最大化的目标.     

Population–Environment Interactions: European Migration, Population Composition and Climate Change

The paper addresses the collision of two twenty-first Century transitions—the unprecedented change in the size, composition, density and distribution of the human population, and rapid change in the earth’s natural environment, in part a response to the above. It argues that it is important to consider these aspects of population change and environment together in order to understand the reality of any mitigation that may be made. Following a review of research which is beginning to address not only the environmental impact of population growth, but also of changes in density, distribution and composition, the paper turns to explore the interaction of population composition and density with environmental change through addressing interactions between migration, ageing populations and climate change. It considers a key population question facing the EU, that of the demographic deficit, and addresses how the mitigating role of migration will be affected by future climate change. It thus considers whether migration is a valid policy approach in the context of Europe’s demographic deficit and the impact of climate change on this relationship.     

储蓄率、经常项目顺差与人口结构变迁

文章从一个多期人口代际交叠模型入手,分析了计划生育政策对人口结构和抚养比例的影响,同时还运用中国数据对人口抚养比与储蓄率、相对生产率差异与经常项目差额进行协整与因果检验。文章认为:计划生育政策并非不可持续,特定时期内放开该政策已经无法应对社会抚养高峰,而保持该政策则会获得一个较低人口总量的均衡人口结构。经常项目差额实际上只是储蓄的跨时空转移。人口年龄结构决定储蓄率,决定储蓄的跨时间转移,国家相对生产率差异决定储蓄的跨空间转移。空间上的这种转移并不改变一国国民的总福利;时间上的转移也不改变代与代之间的总福利。因此,不考虑人口结构、提高即期消费率刺激经济的做法值得商榷,过分关注短期经常项目差额并无太大必要。     

Money and totality: A review essay

Moseley’s (2016 Moseley, F. 2016. Money and Totality: A Macro-Monetary Interpretation of Marx’s Logic in Capital and the End of the Transformation Problem. Leiden: Brill Publishers. [Google Scholar]) Money and Totality focuses on two important issues: (a) the nature and significance of Marx’s notion of the “circuit of money capital” and (b) the solution to the “transformation problem”. The former question, in particular, makes this book important not only for Marx specialists but also for other dissenting economists. Recall that in writings before the General Theory Keynes (1933a, 1933b), in particular, made allusion to the Marxian circuit via the concept of the monetary theory of production. However, these references did not survive in the published version in 1936. Nor was Keynes at all confident on this topic in debate the following year. It is therefore important to both Marx scholars and other heterodox economists to inquire exactly how the Marxian circuit was supposed to work. A starting point is to write out the scheme from Capital Vol. 2 (Marx, 1885/1976 Marx, K. 1885/1976. Capital: Vol. II. London: Penguin Books. [Google Scholar]) in full, M – C?…?P … C’ –?M’, and try to explain what the magnitudes (M’ – M) and (C’ – C), are supposed to represent. This is indeed one of Moseley’s main tasks in this thought-provoking book.     

分工视角：企业剩余权与国有企业效率

企业是分工演进的一种重要后果，其实质上是一种劳动力市场的契约。企业的剩余权作为企业家活动的一种间接价格，将交易效率极低的企业家活动卷入分工，反过来极大地促进了分工和经济发展。企业家活动是企业效率的保证，企业家的剩余收益权又是企业家活动的保证。企业家剩余权得不到保护是国有企业效益低下的根本原因．而保护国有企业的企业家剩余收益权是提高国有企业效率的关键。为了保护国有企业的企业家剩余收益权，必须推进市场化进程，建立合理的激励机制，以及进行全面的社会制度改革。     

生产能力过剩与消费能力稀缺--论西方主流经济学的基础性缺陷

稀缺性是西方主流经济学的一个基本假设，而这个假设又以消费欲望无限为前提。然而自古以来的经济实践一再表明：人的消费能力是有限的，而且常常比生产能力更为稀缺。一旦认识到经济学面临的真问题是生产过剩而不是资源稀缺，我们就有可能创建一种新的理论，从而更准确地解释经济现象和更有效地解决经济问题。     

对我国外贸顺差功过及原因的认识与展望

近年来,我国外贸顺差规模迅速扩大,引起了国内外各方面的极大关注。一方面,我国相继出台了一系列政策措施,意在抑制顺差过快增长。另一方面,欧美等西方国家不断对我国施压,要求加大人民币升值幅度。本文从外贸顺差的积极意义、负面影响、成因分析以及减少顺差的政策建议等多个视角,对我国贸易顺差进行了分析,并对顺差的未来走势作出初步判断。     

Property Regimes as Information Regimes: Efficiency and Economies of Joint Production

The paper argues that it is useful to view property regimes asinformation regimes. A conceptual model and numerical example are usedto show that, under some reasonable assumptions, a common propertyregime is preferable to a private property regime when property regimesare viewed as information regimes. The paper considers a case ofidiosyncratic risk in a dynamic grazing context where the marginality ofthe resource is such that insurance markets are thin or non-existent.Agents are thought to be risk averse and exogenous enforcement of a risksharing scheme is not feasible. The policy implication is that theestablishment and maintenance of a common property regime is shown to bea (possibly) reasonable institutional response in the face of difficultand particular circumstances when property regimes are viewed asinformation regimes.     

Marx and Menger on value: as many similarities as differences

This paper argues that, as far as theories of value and moneyare concerned, Marx and Menger have more in common than hasbeen traditionally maintained. Each of them had his own abstractconcept of value, distinct from labour or utility and priorto prices. Moreover, both proposed theories of value form andprovided explanations of the origin of money. These conceptsand theories can hardly be found in the works of Smith and Ricardo,nor in those of Jevons and Walras, because they were primarilyconcerned with the determination of exchange ratios. Furthermore,Marx and Menger become more sharply divided owing to their similarities.They shared many questions to which they offered opposite answers.     

Anonymous exploitation: non-individual,non-agential and structural

Abstract

On contemporary standard accounts exploitation is of man by man: One individual exploits another through a particular transaction. This paper offers a departure from the individualist transactional paradigm of exploitation by formulating an account of anonymous exploitation. The departure is threefold. Anonymous exploitation may occur as non-individual exploitation in cases where exploiter, exploited or both are not individuals but group agents, it may occur as non-agential exploitation in cases where exploiter, exploited or both are not agents but non-agential groups and it may occur as structural exploitation in cases where structures are exploitative. I shall argue that anonymous exploitation in its three variants is a real, independent and non-mysterious phenomenon. To miss its significance is to miss the ‘genius’ or even to remain blind to important instances of exploitation. My argument proceeds in seven steps. In section 1, I offer a brief analysis of the concept of exploitation and spell out the desiderata that a successful theory of exploitation would have to satisfy. In section 2, I explain what I mean by anonymous exploitation. Section 3 explores the idea of non-individual exploitation; section 4 presents an account of non-agential exploitation and section 5 proceeds likewise with the idea of structural exploitation. Section 6 puts the individual steps of my argument together and I conclude in section 7.     

Socialism,Liberalism and Inequality: The Colonial Economics of the Saint-Simonians in 19th-Century Algeria

This article examines the foundations of the colonial economics of the Saint-Simonians that were developed in Algeria after the French invasion in 1830. Saint-Simonian colonial economics may be seen as a leading contributor to the development of French orientalism. This article illustrates the ambiguous position of Saint-Simonian economics in the colonial project, especially in relation to the role of equality. According to the Saint-Simonians, collective socialism was the best economic system for Algeria. This article notes, however, the contradiction inherent in the Saint-Simonians' project with regard to the racial argument they used to justify their position.     

The Fundamental Character of Socioeconomic Exploitation: Human Nature,Technology, Social Institutions,and Ideology

Abstract:

Although the concept of socioeconomic exploitation often appears in heterodox economics, its use varies considerably and it is seldom given a well-developed conceptual foundation. The project of this article is to propose a foundation by drawing upon our species’ history to uncover exploitation’s causes and dynamics. Socioeconomic exploitation exists where political or economic power is used by some to gain advantage at others’ expense. Its root force is found in human biology, the fact that as a socially-reproducing species, humans compete for mates, and exploitation of others can generate a competitive advantage. Social institutions direct and channel this competitiveness. Accordingly, during 97–98 percent of our species’ existence, competitiveness was not expressed by accumulating material wealth and political power, but by being good warriors and foragers, being cooperative, and being generous. Socioeconomic exploitation accompanied the rise of civilization and the state, when metal-based weaponry enabled a few to gain control over society and ownership and control over the means of production, subjugating all others and appropriating their surplus. Although violence stood behind this exploitation, ideology served as the principal political tool for its maintenance. It is the force of ideology that clarifies why, even with free speech, free press, free assembly, and the franchise, exploitation continues to exist.     

Race, ethnicity, and insurance as determinants of epidural use: analysis of a national sample survey

Despite widespread availability of pain interventions in childbirth, for most women, childbirth is associated with labor pain that exceeds expectations. Although epidural is superior to other medical interventions, the choice to use epidural still remains a matter of patient and doctor preference. Whether racial or ethnic characteristics influence preference of physician use or interact with insurance coverage is still unknown. This study used a large national sample of women to measure significant determinants of epidural use in order to discuss disparities in pain management. The findings suggest the need for nurse leaders to foster health policies that are sensitive to diversity and economics.