Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

二十世纪前半叶农业与生物类学会主办的学术期刊考略--以中央大学和金陵大学为主线

20世纪20年代以来,中国科学社的一批核心成员学成归国来到南京,他们以中央大学农学院(含其前身)和金陵大学农学院为中心,促成了清末农务学堂办学模式向现代农业科学教育模式的转型。这批农学家先后参与创办了民国时期10个农业与生物类学会,主办了50多种学术期刊,促进了现代农业与生物科学知识在中国的引进、传播、本土化和学术共同体建设,为改造中国传统农业作出了重要贡献。文章以中央大学农学院和金陵大学农学院为主线,对其师生参与创建的农业与生物类学会主办学术期刊的创立过程、主要负责人、关注主题、发展演变等历史事实进行了整理,为研究近现代中国高等农业教育的发展演变提供系统史料。     

Why diversity and expectations matter

This article was delivered in a session entitled Insights from a behavioral lens: why perceptions and diversity matter. In the article, I ask whether a diverse academic workforce is an asset to a University, and more generally to society, and conclude that it is. Although this conclusion is based on empirical data from US universities, the message is universal. Even when correcting for years of experience, rank, and nature of appointment and women's work‐life situation, there is still a negative expectation bias, whereby women and minority candidates are not expected to be as good as male researchers (a bias that also exists in the case of the appointment of female Chief Executive Officers). On the other hand, more women and minority appointments increase the productivity of women students.     

基于文献计量视角的国际农业经济研究综述

本文利用VOSviewer、AE、COOC等文献计量工具,基于4374篇来自于WoS网站八种农业经济领域知名期刊2011-2020年发表的学术论文(Article),分析了近十年来国际农业经济研究的热点问题及其演变、高被引论文的主要观点、国际间的合作关系以及国家/地区、机构、个人、期刊的学术影响.中国粮食安全是国际农业...     

Promoting nature conservation by Dutch farmers: a governance perspective†

Reconciling productive agricultural practices with nature conservation is not only an ecological challenge, but also a demanding matter of governance. This paper analyses the potential as well as the limitations of various governance arrangements, and explores ways to enhance the governance of nature conservation in agricultural landscapes. We assume four conditions to contribute to the performance of these arrangements: farmers should be motivated, demanded, enabled, and legitimized to participate in arrangements that promote nature conservation by farmers. We analyse 10 distinct Dutch governance arrangements in the period 2000–2016, including agri-environment schemes but also privately initiated arrangements. The arrangements target a large but unknown share of farmers and farmlands, but nature conservation ambition levels are generally low to moderate. The expected low-to-moderate performance is associated with a low-to-moderate motivation, demand, and ability. Underlying are stronger forces driving towards intensification and problems farmers face in recuperating the cost of nature conservation. New greening requirements in the EU Common Agricultural Policy and in agri-food supply chains are first, cautious steps addressing these fundamental drivers of ecological degradation. More ambitious greening requirements may contribute to a higher motivation and ability of larger groups of farmers to implement nature conservation measures.     

农村集体经济组织及其成员权和农村社区组织及其成员权混同的法经济学分析

农村集体经济组织及其成员权和农村社区组织及其成员权虽然在实践、立法和理论研究中被混同了,但它们在历史渊源、权利内容、变迁趋势等方面都有本质的区别.两种不同组织和成员权的混同,在"正义"和"效率"两个纬度上产生的负面影响可以看作是现行农地制度的成本.混同的表面动因是为了农民的利益、节约组织治理和组织管理的交易费用,但深层动因却是国家通过其最底层的代理人--农村社区组织对农民的土地所有权进行控制,从而获得制度收益.通过成本和收益两个方面的法经济学分析,可知混同两种不同组织和成员权的制度安排的绩效是值得怀疑的.     

Storage losses,liquidity constraints,and maize storage decisions in Benin

This article estimates how storage losses from mold, insects, and other pests, combined with liquidity constraints, influence a smallholder farm household's decision to store maize on farm after harvest. We analyze panel data from 309 smallholders in Benin covering the 2011 and 2013 harvest seasons. Results suggest that smallholders are driven to sell at harvest time for different reasons, depending on their motivation for storing. In households that report direct consumption as their primary goal for storing maize, liquidity constraints, not storage losses, reduce the amount they store. In contrast, households that store maize with the intention of selling it later in the year appear unaffected by liquidity constraints. Instead, these households store less when they expect to lose more during storage. These results suggest that policies to provide liquidity will be more helpful in motivating storage among consumption‐oriented households. Households motivated to store for later sale will benefit from modern storage technologies that mitigate the operational costs associated with storage losses.     

Incentivising teachers? Evaluating the incentive effect of China’s teacher performance‐based compensation reform in rural China

In this paper, we evaluate the incentive role of a teacher performance‐based compensation reform in rural China. Using the value‐added model widely adopted in the education literature, we first estimated the teacher effects on student academic scores with panel data of a large number of students and teachers from rural and urban schools in one county in a south‐western province of China. The estimated teachers’ value‐add was then allowed us to examine the effectiveness of the 2009 teachers’ compensation reform. We find that despite the strong intent of the performance‐based compensation reform to improve student’s academic performance, teachers’ compensations are not closely tied to teachers’ value‐add to student academic achievement. This suggests that the performance‐based compensation reform is not able to provide strong incentives for teachers to raise students’ test scores and points towards the possible problems with the design and/or implementation of the reform.     

Farmers’ intrinsic motivations,barriers to the adoption of conservation practices and effectiveness of policy instruments: Empirical evidence from northern Australia

The rate and extent of adoption of conservation practices by farmers is influenced, in principle, by characteristics of the practices and those of the farmers. Governments use policy instruments to increase the rate of adoption of practices which generate public benefits if it is deemed that privately optimal adoption rates will not lead to publicly optimal conservation outcomes. Recent nation-wide conservation programs in Australia have attracted criticism for low levels of effectiveness and efficiency. Could it be that program design has ignored key adoption factors, in particular characteristics of the target audience? If adoption is subject to personal factors, such as the motivations for farming, then it is likely that so are farmers’ responses to policy approaches and instruments. In this case study, surveys were conducted of farmers in three regions within the tropical savannas of northern Australia, where land-use systems are characterized by large-scale broad-acre beef grazing enterprises. Inter alia, these surveys collected data on graziers’ motivations, impediments to adoption of conservation practices, and perceived effectiveness of policy instruments in overcoming impediments. The research found that graziers had a very high level of conservation and lifestyle motivation and were motivated to lesser extents by financial/economic and social considerations, pointing to a strong stewardship ethic of graziers, or altruistic motif. Motivational profiles were significantly correlated with farmers’ perceptions about what constrained them from implementing conservation based management systems. Motivational profiles also explained differences in farmers’ perceptions of and stated propensity to interact with policy instruments, particularly at a regional scale and in the context of historical government interventions. On the basis of the empirical evidence presented, governments would be well advised to harness the diverse set of aspirations and motivations of farmers when designing conservation programs rather than. In particular, conservation programs need to take advantage of farmers’ stewardship ethic for maximum effectiveness and efficiency, and minimize the risk of crowding out intrinsic motivation and altruistic behaviours.     

Volunteer farmer-trainer motivations in East Africa: practical implications for enhancing farmer-to-farmer extension

Farmer-to-farmer extension (FFE) has received considerable interest in developing countries due to a decline in government extension services. There are, however, questions as to how FFE can be improved to enhance effectiveness and sustainability of the approach. One area that may hold the key is to understand volunteer farmer-trainer (VFT) motivations. Informal and formal interviews were held with VFTs in a smallholder dairy development project in Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda. Data were collected on the reasons why VFTs became trainers and why they continue to train. Findings of the study showed that VFTs were motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These factors are not static; they change over time. Gaining knowledge and skills as well as altruism were found to be the most important motivating factors for becoming trainers in the three countries. However, a few years after becoming trainers, income earned from selling inputs and specialized services associated with training was an important motivating factor to VFTs in Kenya. In Uganda gaining knowledge and skills remained the most important whereas in Rwanda, a new motivation, increased demand for training, was the most important reason for continuing to train. These findings point to the fact that the general reasons that motivate VFTs irrespective of context are similar; however, the importance attached to motivations is context specific. These motivations can provide insights into which incentives can be enhanced to improve effectiveness and sustainability of FFE.     

兼职大学生劳动报酬是否适用劳动法“最低工资标准”

大学生从事兼职工作已经成为高校的普遍现象,但随之而来的兼职大学生的劳动报酬权益受到企业侵害的现象也不断发生。从兼职大学生劳动报酬及相关法律制度的现状总结出制度不足之处,兼职大学生与一般劳动者的区别、最低工资标准设立的意义、适用最低工资标准对兼职大学生与一般劳动者的弊端影响三个方面展开分析,得出兼职大学生不应适用最低工资标准制度的结论。借鉴国外相关经验,提出了,确定在我国应认可兼职大学生的劳动者主体资格,同时应为兼职大学生设定特别的工资标准,以维护其获得合理劳动报酬的权力的建议。     

Predicting performance in undergraduate agricultural economics*

Entry to the Bachelor of Agricultural Economics (BAgrEc) program at the University of Sydney is consistently less competitive than that for the Bachelor of Economics (BEc) and Bachelor of Commerce (BComm) programs. Given that students in the BAgrEc program undertake units in common with students in the BEc and BComm programs, it is of interest to examine the importance of school performance and first year university in the determination of success at university. This paper takes information for nine cohorts of BAgrEc students and tests their performance in first‐year core subjects against the university entrance ranking, school English and mathematics marks, gender, and type of school. The paper then uses the same information to predict which student characteristics at entry level are likely to lead to students completing the degree program. The implications of the analysis are explored.     

集体林权制度改革研究30年回顾

综述了林地、产权与林权的概念,介绍了制度与制度变迁的主流定义、制度变迁理论的主要分析视角、相关研究的关注重点;对新一轮集体林权制度改革的重要学术成果进行了梳理与评述,并从改革动因、改革成效与绩效评估、后续配套改革及对策等角度进行了文献回顾及评述。对后续配套政策与对策,从林业税费改革、公共财政制度、林业金融体系建立与完善、林业管理职能转变、林业合作组织和社会化服务体系建设等方面进行了综述。与此同时,对国外林地经营管理政策与实践的研究进行了综述。重点从国外林业产权制度、林业法规政策、生态林业、生态补偿与可持续发展、社区林业等方面的研究成果。对相关研究的整体趋势与研究中的不足进行了评述。     

Assessments of the Educational Value of Web-Based Instructional Tools for Introductory Agricultural Economics

A web site was designed and introduced to an introductory agricultural microeconomics course. The web site provided students with supplemental reviews, practice problems, self-tests, and a simulation exercise. A variety of quantitative assessments were conducted to determine whether the web site influenced student learning, perceptions, and motivation. Results indicate the web site provided small to modest educational benefits.     

AN APPROACH TO UNIVERSITY TEACHING IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

In our complex industrialised society there can no longer be a clear cut distinction between education and the training for a profession. Pressure from society for highly specialised knowledge and from students for satisfaction of vocational needs has resulted in the greater development of applied subjects. The aim of teaching in Agricultural Economics is to present a variety of subject matter within the framework of cohesive degree structures consistent with an academic discipline, while as far as possible fitting a student for a professional career in the field of Agricultural Economics. In the ever widening range of professional activity a distinction which has relevance to teaching can be made between the practising agricultural economist and the academic agricultural economist. For the former some professional training has to be incorporated in the first degree scheme. The need in industry and government is for economists who are prepared to make direct economic appraisals and the practising economist will therefore be involved in problem solving in a sphere where non-economic consideration have also to be weighed. He can best be fitted for his environment if he is aware of the interaction between economics and other relevant disciplines.     

论土地生态经济学与国土空间用途管制——兼论王万茂教授《土地生态经济学》的学科贡献

研究目的:论述土地生态经济学理论及其在国土空间用途管制中的应用。研究方法:理论分析及文献研究法。研究结果:阐述了土地生态经济学的学科发展及其对土地学科的贡献,并基于土地生态经济学理论分析了国土空间用途管制的有效性、着力点和系统性特征,从合理配置土地资源、持续增殖土地价值、创建且发展有序的人地关系格局、构筑并保持土地生态经济良性循环等方面提出了创新国土空间用途管制的实施路径。研究结论:国土空间用途管制是土地生态经济系统有序运行的基础,而土地生态经济学是国土空间用途管制的理论支撑。     

What Our Students Should Know: Perspectives from Business and Academia

Perspectives from business and academia on the relative importance of various skills and attributes were compared. The perspective from academia came from the University of Guelph learning objectives and the AEB simple and complex skills required for undergraduate majors. A survey of Canadian agribusiness firms, including governmental agencies, provided the business perspective. Different types and sizes of businesses were consistent in ranking the relative importance of the various skills and attributes. The rankings by business were also consistent with the hierachial learning objectives from the University of Guelph and the disciplinary skills from the AEB. The hypothesis that business and academia are more convergent than divergent as to what our students should know is supported by these results.
Both business and academia rank communication skills highly. Business ranks personal qualities slightly higher than communication skills, but universities recognize that they can only screen for personal qualities, as opposed to the skills that they can enhance through education. Relatively low rankings of technical, computer and quantitative skills and experience should not be interpreted to mean they are unimportant, but rather that they are necessary but not sufficient for entry-level employees to succeed in agribusiness firms.     

科技业绩评估体系初探

科技业绩是衡量一个单位、一个部门和每一位科技工作者学术成就和学术水平的主要依据。本文根据科技业绩评估的客观要求 ,以客观、公正和正确以及有利于引导广大科技工作者多出高水平的科技成果为原则 ,从承担和完成的科研任务 ,取得的研究成果以及人才培养、队伍建设和管理水平等方面探讨了量化的科技业绩评估体系。     

银杏旅游客源市场结构及游客行为特征实证研究——以广东南雄市为例

对广东南雄市银杏旅游者的抽样调研发现,银杏已经成为特定地区城乡居民专程探访的旅游客体,其客源市场主要分布在300 km范围之内的大中城市,具有高集中和低稳定特征。银杏旅游市场群体构成以青年学生、教师和各类企业人员为主体,高学历或高收入特征明显,未婚女性群体所占比例最大。在旅游行为方面,银杏游客以休闲放松、观赏银杏景观和拍摄银杏美景为主要动机,自驾游、结伴旅、周末游、大众游等特征明显,重游意向和推荐意愿均与其满意度正相关。     

大学生群体碳足迹调查研究——以南京林业大学为例

选取南京林业大学的学生作为探究对象,从水电、交通、饮食等方面通过生命周期定量分析对环境影响做出评价,同时给出开展减排活动、建立专门的回收设施、提高食堂服务能力等建议,其目的在于倡导师生主动加人到建设低碳校园的行动中来,创建低碳校园。