Multiple Leasing under Cropshare Tenancy — A Note

This paper attempts to explain the perplexing tendency to multiple leasing by both landlords and tenants in some countries. It shows that if the negotiation of share contracts involves significant transaction costs and there is some uncertainty regarding the output on tenanted plots, a risk-averse landlord maximizing expected utility will find it in his advantage to subdivide his land among several tenants and also permit his tenant to lease land from other landlords.     

Passive farming and land development: A real options approach

The EU's farmers are no longer required to produce commodities to receive direct payments as long as they keep their land in good condition. Some believe this is bad for development because it encourages passive farming. We evaluate, using a real options approach, the implications of decoupled payments for the desirability and optimal timing of agricultural land development when considering sunk investment costs and uncertain future returns. We find that decoupled payments accelerate development while passive farming increases, by adding managerial flexibility, the value associated with land. We then use the Nash bargaining solution to identify the rental share to be paid for leasing land. We show that a deal for the lease of land can always be reached, but that the facility to use passive farming as an outside option allows landowners to extract policy rents, thereby undermining the potential for the Basic Payment Scheme to support tenant farmers’ incomes.     

USUFRUCT AND USURY: AN ANALYSIS OF LAND LEASING IN EAST JAVA*

On Java, land leasing functions as a credit instrument when the entire rent is paid in advance. The rights obtained by the tenant/lender are the 'price' of the loan made to the land owner/borrower. A model of such transactions shows that the area leased and duration of the lease are substitutes in raising a loan of given size and that the substitution rate is related to the term structure of interest rates.     

Share Tenancy, Ownership Structure, and Prevented Planting Claims in Crop Insurance

A conceptual model based on opportunity cost and expected utility principles establishes linkages between the likelihood of prevented planting claims in crop insurance and existing share leasing arrangements/internal farm business structures. Results of heteroskedastic probit estimation procedures indicate that simpler internal business structures and more dominant farmer–tenant leasing position can increase the probability of submitting a prevented planting claim.     

Factors affecting entry and intensity in informal rental land markets in Southern Ethiopian highlands

Informal land transactions, particularly rental land markets, are emerging in rural Ethiopia in response to the inadequacies of the administratively based land distribution system to meet the growing demand for land and correct imbalances in factor proportions at the farm level. These informal land markets provide a vehicle to equalise factor proportions at the farm level and to improve productivity and hence households' welfare. Among the farmers who lease out land, those who live in the highland‐areas, where land is scarce and unequal, are more likely to engage in these markets. Increases in the size of land holdings relative to labour and livestock ownership, the number of non‐working household members and pressure for subsistence increase the likelihood of leasing out land. On the other hand, increases in the number of working adults, improved nutritional status and greater wealth affect negatively the supply of land into these markets. The potential exists for these markets to improve factor equalisation, reduce inequality in land holdings, and shift the income position of participating households. However, success depends on whether other factor markets are functioning to thwart forced disposal of land to meet subsistence. Public policy has pivotal role in fostering the growth of these markets and their land transfer and factor equalisation functions by ensuring their legally enforceable status, and removing legal restrictions that constrain choices of contracts and trading over greater distances. In addition, both long and short‐term policy measures are needed to reduce the extent to which poor farmers engage in distress transactions.     

集体林区林地使用权流转分析——政策演进、流转形式及机制

文章介绍了集体林区林地使用权流转的政策进程,解析了集体林地使用权一级流转形式即家庭承包、招标承包、拍卖、租赁、股份合作、反租倒包等,以及农户林地使用权二级流转的主要形式即转让、转包、出租、互换、入股、抵押、托管等,并针对林地使用权流转过程中存在的一些主要问题,提出了四大机制体系构建设想:林地使用权流转评估机制以确保流转主体理性参与流转;林地使用权流转交易机制以确保流转主体顺畅参与流转;林地使用权流转管理机制以确保流转主体规范参与流转;林地使用权激励机制促进农户积极参与流转。     

Effects of land lease policy on changes in land use,mechanization and agricultural pollution

Land fragmentation has restrained the development of Chinese agriculture with the application of agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, agricultural pollution has caused serious problems with development. To address these problems, China's government proposed a new farmland lease policy and built larger farms beginning in 2013. However, changes in land fragmentation may also have unexpected problems for Chinese agriculture. This study investigated the effects of these changes on changes in land use, the application of machinery and agricultural pollution. We analyzed a developed area (in the fields of both agriculture and industry) and studied the decision-making habits of farmers in the area. An agent-based model was proposed with the same decision-making habits as in the real world. The results indicated that land lease increased agricultural profits very little in Jiangsu, China. Meanwhile, the application of land lease policy increased pollution. To alleviate pollution and increase profits, a new policy for large automatic protection machinery (i.e., large spraying machinery) should be introduced by governments simultaneous with land lease policy. Farmers could realize greater profits through the introduction of land lease policy and high-efficiency machinery. The sustainable development of agriculture in Jiangsu requires the integration of these government policies.     

土地出让市场化、产业结构优化与城市绿色 全要素生产率 ——基于湖北省的实证研究

研究目的:考察土地出让市场化与产业结构优化对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响程度及其作用机制。研究方法:SBM-DEA模型,动态面板广义矩估计(GMM)。研究结果:(1)无论是系统GMM还是差分GMM,土地出让市场化对绿色全要素生产率的影响系数均显著为正,产业结构合理化和高度化的影响系数也均显著为正,但后者的作用程度要明显大于前者;(2)土地出让市场化与产业结构合理化的交互项对绿色全要素生产率的影响系数为负,土地出让市场化与产业结构高度化的交互项对绿色全要素生产率的影响系数为正,且均通过显著性检验。研究结论:土地出让市场化总体上促进了绿色全要素生产率的发展;从作用机制来看,土地出让市场化导致了产业结构合理化的反向发展,抑制了绿色全要素生产率的提升;同时,也促进了产业结构高度化的正向发展,进而对绿色全要素生产率有提升作用。鉴于此,提出:(1)地方政府应继续坚持以市场化为导向的城市土地制度改革;(2)政府应适时引导产业结构调整,促进产业结构转型和升级,更加重视经济增长与环境保护的协调发展。     

Barriers and Enablers of Long-term Land Leasing: a Case Study of Northern Ireland

Long-term land leasing offers a viable alternative to land ownership in relation to increasing efficiency of agricultural production, economies of scale, and delivering environmental improvements in terms of land management. However, with no significant tenanted sector in Northern Ireland, access to land via long-term land leasing is limited. This study analysed the barriers and enablers of long-term land leasing. To achieve our objective, we employed a mixed methods approach. The results show that the main barriers to long-term land leasing were environmental concern (around how the land will be managed), inheritance tax implications and the potential effect of long-term land leasing on future succession plans of the farm business. We also found that as much as 70 per cent of the farmers surveyed believe the inclusion of a ‘break clause’ and the introduction of income tax incentives will encourage the adoption of long-term land leasing, while 61 per cent of the farmers stated that the environmental management of the land will encourage long-term land leasing. The study concluded that any model designed to encourage long-term land leasing in Northern Ireland should include clauses which cover the environmental management of the land and break clauses. Income tax incentives for landowners could also be considered.     

不同矿业阶段的海外资源开发模式选择研究

我国企业海外资源开发模式选择的影响因素主要包括两类:企业自身因素和目标国及项目情况因素。而海外资源开发模式又与矿业项目开发阶段存在着十分紧密的联系,应根据不同开发阶段选择相应的开发模式。初级勘查阶段宜选择矿业权申请模式和风险勘查模式;高级勘查阶段宜选择风险勘查模式、资产购买模式和股权收购模式;基建阶段宜选择工程建设换资源、BOT模式、安哥拉模式、股权收购模式;矿山运营阶段宜选择股权收购模式、租赁生产、买断矿产品包销权等模式。     

Do Chinese farmers benefit from farmland leasing choices? Evidence from a nationwide survey

Using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study investigates factors associated with the choice of farmland leasing strategies and the impact of leasing options on farm performance. Particular attention is given to off‐farm employment and farm subsidies. Additionally, the study applies a selectivity‐based approach to assess the relationship between farmland leasing choices and farm businesses’ performance. Off‐farm employment, older and educated operators, large farms and old‐age pension plans increase the likelihood of leasing out farmland. Part‐time off‐farm employment, grain subsidies and mechanised farms increase the likelihood of leasing in farmland. Finally, the selectivity correction terms in the value of crop production are significantly negative in the choices of farmland leasing, indicating the presence of sample selection effects. Accounting for selectivity is essential to ensure unbiased and consistent estimates.     

The Dutch urban ground lease: A valuable tool for land policy?

Once heralded by both liberals and socialists as a tool for Dutch municipal governments to prevent land speculation and to implement spatial policies, a century later the Dutch ground lease (erfpacht) is now despised by many. The ground lease was the subject of strong debate in the recent past and is likely to remain so. It has been argued that lessees should have the right to become owner of the land, and this ‘right to buy’ has indeed been implemented in the land policies of several municipalities. The Dutch urban ground lease seems to be under serious pressure. Is it outdated or is it still a valuable tool for land policy? Before we answer this question, we firstly will provide an historical overview of Dutch ground lease. Secondly, the different types of ground lease will be elaborated. Thirdly, the focus will be on the urban ground lease used by Dutch municipalities and the developments in the use of this instrument. Fourthly, the recent policy changes will be dealt with, followed by an assessment.     

农地产权与农户土地租赁意愿研究

研究目的:分析农地产权状况对农户土地租赁意愿的影响.研究方法:定性分析与定量研究相结合.研究结果:在定性分析农地产权状况和农地租赁相互关系的基础上,运用农户调查数据,建立了农地产权与农地租赁意愿的Logistic回归计量模型并应用极大似然估计法对该模型进行估计;根据农地产权与农地租赁意愿计量模型运行结果对农地产权与农地租赁意愿之间的关系、农地产权状况对农地租赁意愿的影响进行了分析,并就进一步推进农地流转提出了相关建议.研究结论:农地产权的流动性、稳定性以及农地收益权的完整性等均对农地租赁意愿产生了不同程度的影响,但是各个因素对于不同区域以及土地租入和租出意愿的影响是不同的.     

土地出让市场的博弈分析:利益背景与政府行为过程

研究目的:建立土地出让市场监管博弈模型,分析监管部门和出让部门的混合策略选择,提出完善土地出让市场监管的有效制度安排。研究方法:博弈分析。研究结果:(1)出让部门违规的动因来源于其行为所产生的远超出正常行为的得益以及违规行为被查处后所受的损失与其违规收益的机会成本考量;(2)监管部门的监管绩效取决于激励及约束机制的侧重点及其效率。研究结论:完善土地出让市场的着力点在于对监管部门和出让部门的行为空间与利益空间的规制,同时应进行相应的经济及行政体制改革。     

集体林地使用制度改革与资源市场化配置

集体林地使用制度改革的反复与曲折,与过分强调集体林地的具体经营方式紧密相关。集体林地使用制度的突出问题之一在于弱市场化配置,因此集体林地使用制度改革不应简单地在集体山林的分户经营、股份合作制或其他经营方式之间进行选择,改革的主要目标之一是构建有利于市场机制充分发挥作用、提高集体林地资源配置效率的制度。强化集体林地资源的市场化配置可以从四个方面入手,一是以集体林地租赁经营逐步取代无偿承包制;二是推行集体林地使用权的招标出让和拍卖出让;三是培育以林地使用权流转为核心的林业要素市场;四是以产权为纽带,促进集体林地使用权与社会资本的结合。     

中国农户在农地流转市场上能否如愿以偿?——流转市场的交易成本考察

农地流转是实现规模经营的重要途径,尽管中国农地流转市场发展迅速,但农户在流转市场上能否转入自己想要转入数量的土地尚无人关注。本文利用全国6省1200户2000年和2008年追踪调查数据实证分析农户的流转意愿多大程度上可以在流转市场上得以实现,进而考察流转市场交易成本的存在性、对称性和动态性。研究表明,中国农地流转市场存在明显的交易成本,因此流转市场是不完善的。具体结论:第一,流转市场存在明显进入门槛,进入市场后农户也无法实现完全调整,转入户2000年和2008年分别能实现调整意愿的24%和37%,高于转出户的19%和18%;第二,流转市场的交易成本存在非对称性,转入户比转出户面临的交易门槛高,但进入市场后转入户调整意愿实现程度高于转出户;第三,从2000年到2008年,流转市场的交易门槛显著降低了,但进入市场后调整意愿实现程度并没有显著提高;第四,农资设备和劳动力等要素市场的不完善程度更严重,因此农地流转市场发挥了将土地这种"不能移动"的要素移动起来以迎合那些"本该移动"的要素功能,提高了资源配置效率。政府应进一步提高农地产权稳定性,降低流转市场交易成本,加快农业生产社会化服务业发展,完善农村劳动力市场。     

Does land lease tenure insecurity cause decreased productivity and investment in the sugar industry? Evidence from Fiji

Does land lease tenure insecurity cause decreased productivity and investment in the sugar industry? To answer this question, this study examined the impact of weak formal tenure lease arrangements on tenants’ investment and the productivity of sugarcane in Ba province, Fiji. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the choice of lease tenure using instrumental variables (IV), it was shown that tenants under insecure lease tenure (expiring in 0–5 years) achieve significantly lower yields of sugarcane, by 6.5–11 tonnes per hectare, and plant smaller areas of new sugarcane, by 0.14–0.25 hectares on average, than do tenants under secure lease tenure. Insecure lease tenure also negatively affects chemical fertiliser use, although this impact is not statistically significant. An intervention to improve tenure security would likely enhance the production efficiency of and investment in the Fijian sugarcane industry.     

Financial Structure of Farm Businesses Under Imperfect Capital Markets

Recent finance studies have considered whether gaps between a firm's costs of internal and external sources of investment funds, arising from capital market imperfections, influence its investment behavior and funding preferences. This study tests the applicability of the pecking order and partial adjustment theories of financial structure to farm businesses by fitting a set of simultaneous financial equations with farm panel data from Illinois. Model results indicate that Illinois farms adjust to long-run financial targets for equity, debt, and leasing, but that additional financing needs follow a pecking order that is stronger for farms with greater asymmetric information problems.     

国有土地租赁制度建设研究

我国国有土地租赁制度建设过程中有许多问题尚待解决。本文主要讨论租赁形式、租赁权界定、租金计算等问题，同时借鉴国外经验。     

成都市工业用地弹性出让改革中企业用地选择偏好分析

研究目的：以成都市为例,分析企业对工业用地使用年期的选择偏好及其影响因素,并探析发生用地偏好背后的原因。研究方法：混合logit模型。研究结果：相比劳动与技术密集型产业,资本密集型产业更倾向于选择50年工业用地使用权;相比大中企业,小微企业更偏向于租赁或20年短期工业用地使用权;地方政府工业用地供应制度、外部融资环境和税收政策对企业用地选择有约束作用。研究结论：政府放弃低价引资策略,增加工业用地供应量,提高土地供应占比均衡程度,降低土地抵押贷款等融资门槛和实行差别化税率均能引导企业理性选择工业用地,实现工业用地弹性出让制度改革目标。