排放召回如何国内“破冰”

目前,我国还没有对汽车排放缺陷产品召回进行单独立法,现有的《大气污染防治法》第四章“防治机动车船排放污染”中也没有关于汽车排放缺陷产品召回的条文.因此,为了早日建立我国的汽车排放缺陷产品召回管理体系,首要任务就是要参照美国等国家的相关法规,制定出符合我国国情的汽车排放缺陷产品召回制度.     

美国的食品召回制度

美国的产品召回制度开始于1966年,首先在汽车行业,根据《国家交通与机动车安全法》明确规定汽车制造商有义务召回缺陷汽车.此后,美国在多项产品安全和公众健康的立法中引入了缺陷产品召回制度.目前已应用到食品、药品、汽车等多种可能涉及人体健康安全的产品.     

浅析缺陷产品召回及其会计处理

《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》于今年10月1日起正式实施。缺陷产品召回制度在国外已实施多年，并已形成了完善的召回制度，我国将在今年建立缺陷产品召回制度，并首先以缺陷汽车召回为试点。随着中国制造业的发展，中国的制造厂商不可避免地面临产品责任保险的巨额索赔风险及整批产品被大范围从消费者及经销商处召回的风险。去年，美国通过消费品安全委员     

汽车召回难在哪?

"召回制度最早起源于20世纪60年代的美国,于1966年发布《国家交通与机动车安全法》,建立汽车召回制度。2004年3月15日,我国国家质检总局、国家发改委、商务部、海关总署联合制定发布了《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》。同年10月1日,我国正式开始实施汽车召回制度。2012年,国务院发布了《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》,是我国首部关于产品召回的专门行政法规。2013年10月1日起,由国家质检总局审议通过的《家用汽车产品修理、更换、退货责任     

英美缺陷汽车产品召回制度分析

《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》的颁布实施,标志着我国缺陷汽车产品召回制度经过八年的发展,正式迈入了一个崭新的发展阶段.回顾历史、展望未来,我们在不断总结历史经验的同时,也要深入研究国外缺陷汽车产品召回发展历程.俗话说"他山之石,可以攻玉",作为缺陷汽车产品召回制度摇篮的英美等国,其开展缺陷汽车产品召回管理工作的先进做法可为我国不断完善缺陷汽车产品召回制度提供参考和借鉴.     

理性面对汽车召回

汽车召回制度实施已经3周年了,国家质检总局已经完成了《缺陷产品召回管理条例(草案)》的初稿起草工作。缺陷汽车召回制度对于我国缺陷产品召回制度具有"破冰"意义。召回本身其实不是一种贬义词,不是对企业产品质量的一种简单否定,而是生产商的一种责任,用以消除汽车潜在的、在设计、制造或者销售方面等存在的缺陷、瑕疵或隐患。本期"圆桌恳谈"栏目的话题将围绕如何完善缺陷产品召回制度展开。下面请嘉宾就相关问题谈谈他们的看法。     

理性面对汽车召回

开场白：汽车召回制度实施已经3周年了，国家质检总局已经完成了《缺陷产品召回管理条例（草案）》的初稿起草工作。缺陷汽车召回制度对于我国缺陷产品召回制度具有“破冰”意义。召回本身其实不是一种贬义词，不是对企业产品质量的一种简单否定，而是生产商的一种责任，用以消除汽车潜在的、在设计、制造或者销售方面等存在的缺陷、瑕疵或隐患。本期“圆桌恳谈”栏目的话题将围绕如何完善缺陷产品召回制度展开。下面请嘉宾就相关问题谈谈他们的看法。     

我国缺陷汽车产品召回为消费者挽回损失逾两百亿元

“缺陷汽车召回制度实施以来,累计实施汽车召回827次,涉及1887万辆;2014年以来实施汽车召回159次,涉及412万辆,占全部召回数量的22％.这既反映了汽车制造商主动履行主体责任的态度,也是缺陷产品召回制度的重要成果.” 近日,在首届中国汽车质量峰会上,国家质检总局相关负责人透露,从2004年我国颁布《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》以来,缺陷汽车产品召回数量逐年递增,为消费者挽回经济损失200多亿元.     

产品召回制度的经济法思考

中国《缺陷汽车召回管理规定》的制定是我国建立缺陷产品召回制度的一个开端。本文从目前我国的缺陷产品召回制度的建设情况着手,介绍了产品召回制度的概念,并对产品召回制度的意义和法律价值进行了分析,同时借鉴国外的法律对我国的缺陷产品召回制度的内容进行了说明。最后,本文就我国的缺陷产品召回制度提出了一些完善措施,从立法层面、具体的召回程序层面和政府责任方面进行了阐述。     

我国缺陷汽车产品召回发展探析

文章研究了我国缺陷汽车产品召回的发展现状,从制度完善、标准制定、利用产品追溯技术助力精准召回等方面,提出了促进我国缺陷汽车产品召回发展的建议。     

从一般消费品召回透视美国的产品召回制度

基于较为完善的法律法规体系和详尽的技术标准体系,美国建立起一套以保证产品质量和维护消费者权益为中心的产品召回制度。美国的产品召回形式上是自愿性的,本质上却是强制性的,并在事实上对我国产品的出口形成了技术壁垒。     

政府召回与企业召回对股票市场影响的对比研究

汽车召回日益频繁。文章利用美国汽车召回数据,研究制造商与政府发起的汽车安全召回对股票市场收益的影响。结果显示,股市反应是不依赖于召回发起者(政府或制造商)的。     

Sudden Unintended Used‐Price Deceleration? The 2009–2010 Toyota Recalls

Using data from the vehicle resale market, I test consumer responsiveness to large‐scale product recalls that are caused by safety problems. The used‐vehicle prices of Toyotas are compared to the used‐vehicle prices of the other major domestic and foreign manufacturers. The results quantify the losses suffered by Toyota vehicle owners in secondary markets due to the 2009–2010 safety recalls of more than 9 million Toyota Motors vehicles. The treatment effect of a recall is measured using panel data with a difference‐in‐differences estimation approach that allows for time‐varying treatment effects and serial correlation. I find that this recall episode had negative effects in the resale market for automobiles that were quantitatively small (less than 2% of the vehicle’s resale value), statistically indistinguishable from zero, and short lived (did not persist beyond December 2009). A comparison with Audi’s recalls in the 1980s of vehicles with sudden unintended acceleration suggests that the extent to which a company’s reputation is established is more important than whether or not a company has a reputation for producing high‐quality products.     

货车召回中的用户维权

汽车用户在召回发生时,因受到经济损失而维护自身权益是合理的要求,关键是要明确相关的法律依据。货车作为商用汽车,由于长期在外远距离行驶,一旦出现召回,与乘用车相比会面临着召回实施中的种种不便,并因此导致更大的安全隐患。同时,还会造成用户     

探讨我国缺陷产品召回分级监管模式

在我国,缺陷产品安全问题已经引起政府和民众的高度重视,完善缺陷产品召回制度的呼声与日俱增。文章从缺陷产品召回的法律依据分析人手,剖析了我国缺陷产品召回制度的现状,指出分级式监管模式是未来发展的方向;探讨了缺陷产品召回分级监管模式,给出了信息收集与研判、缺陷调查与认定、缺陷产品召回3个关键性流程;分析了缺陷产品召回分级监管模式的重点工作,着重介绍了缺陷信息管理平台建设、产品缺陷专家队伍建设和风险监测与评估3个环节。     

2008年中国出口产品召回情况分析及其对我国的启示

统计分析2008年欧美等发达国家对源产于我国的产品实施召回或其他安全措施的情况。结果表明,我国产品在国外无论召回次数与召回数量都远远超过其他任何国家,涉及产品主要包括儿童玩具及用品、电子电器、机械产品等。因此,我国应尽快建立产品事故报告与调查处理、产品安全风险评价、产品安全风险预警以及缺陷产品召回等环环相扣的产品安全监管体系。     

城市步行空间的质量与改善

步行空间是城市空间中极具平民性和大众性的组成部分 ,其质量构成要素如安全性、空间尺度、便利程度、景观等方面 ,当前均存在着程度不同的缺陷和问题 ,其原因主要与机动车交通、建筑活动、市政设施、绿化方式、规划与管理等因素相关。改善城市步行空间质量 ,要坚持城市工作的人民性原则 ,摈弃形而上学的思维方式 ,实施兼顾效率与公平的城市交通政策 ,并采用相关的适用技术与方法 ,完善规划设计环节 ,处理好绿化与步行空间的关系     

Business Strategies of Incumbents in the Market for Electric Vehicles: Opportunities and Incentives for Sustainable Innovation

This paper focuses on the relation between large car manufacturers’ incentive and opportunity to innovate and their electric vehicle (EV) business strategies. We analyze how environmental regulation and the firm's incentive (measured by net income) and opportunity to innovate (measured by EV asset position, determined from a combination of patent, partnership and prototype data) affected EV sales over the period 1990–2011. During the EV's R&D period in the 1990s, large car manufacturers that were regulated by the full zero emission vehicle mandate developed a significantly stronger EV asset position, but did not sell significantly more EVs than their rivals. During the EV's commercialization period (2007–2011), large car manufacturers with both a strong incentive and a strong opportunity to innovate sold significantly more EVs. Based on these results, the paper offers a typology of business strategies, several managerial implications, and recommendations for policy makers to stimulate sustainable development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Differentiated goods in a dynamic Cournot duopoly with emission charges on output

We extend the dynamic Cournot duopoly framework with emission charges on output by Mamada and Perrings (Econ Anal Policy 66:370–380, 2020), which encompassed homogeneous products in its original formulation, to the more general case of differentiated goods, in order to highlight the richness in its static and dynamic outcomes. Each firm is taxed proportionally to its own emission only and charge functions are quadratic. Moreover, due to an adjustment capacity constraint, firms partially modify their output level toward the best response. Like in Mamada and Perrings (Econ Anal Policy 66:370–380, 2020), the only steady state coincides with the Nash equilibrium, and it will be considered admissible when it guarantees the positivity of the marginal emission charge. We find that the full efficacy of the environmental policy, which applies to an equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable anytime it is admissible, is achieved in the case of independent goods, as well as with a low good interdependence degree in absolute value, independently of being substitutes or complements. When goods are substitutes and their interdependence degree is high, the considered environmental policy is still able to reduce pollution at the equilibrium, but the latter is stable just when the policy intensity degree is large enough. When instead goods are complements and their interdependence degree is high in absolute value, the considered environmental policy produces detrimental effects on the pollution level and the unique equilibrium is always unstable, when admissible. This highlights that, from the static viewpoint, even in the absence of free riding possibilities, the choice of the mechanism to implement has to be carefully pondered, according to the features of the considered economy.

     

Decision analysis of auto emission control

In response to public pressure to reduce air pollution, governments are forced to consider alternate means to limit auto emissions. This paper addresses the problem of evaluating these regulatory policies and choosing the one that is best for society.Economic tradeoffs play an important role in the analysis of emission control policies. Cleaner air comes only at a price, and the judgments as to “How clean?” At what price?” and “At who's expense?” are crucial. Once these value issues are resolved, questions of implementation remain. “How do regulatory policies such as mandatory emission standards for cars compare with a system of emission taxes?” “Are there ways to collect a fee from drivers to compensate those who breathe their pollution, without taxing emissions directly?”Our approach is first to describe a decision-focused analytical procedure for evaluating various policy alternatives. This procedure is then demonstrated with a preliminary analysis of representative emission control plans for the Los Angeles air basin. Both emission standards and market or “pricing” alternatives are considered. These plans include: present (1975) emission standards; an emission tax; an increase in the gasoline tax; a policy of no government control.The preliminary analysis shows market mechanisms to be superior to present emission standards. Many significant advantages of market mechanisms are discussed, though this conclusion is due primarily to—in our opinion—inappropriate value judgments that are implicit in the present standards.The analytical framework is very general, and it can be applied to a wide variety of social decisions involving externalities. The quantitative models developed, though preliminary, can be used by organizations such as regional planning agencies or pollution control boards. However, these models must not be viewed as formulas for answers to social problems. Rather, they are intended as aids for the policy maker that will help him or her balance the many factors that influence the decision and provide insight to the wisest social course of action.