中国企业跨国战略联盟中的组织学习研究

近年,中国企业与外国企业间组建了大量的跨国战略联盟,战略联盟为中国企业的全球学习营造了良好的组织支撑和学习界面。然而在现实中,由于存在着诸多障碍,制约了双方在联盟中组织学习的效果。因此,迫切需要理清障碍、加强学习管理,从而提升联盟中的组织学习效果,进而提高中国企业在国际市场的竞争优势。     

知识联盟与企业知识转移

知识联盟是现代企业战略联盟的一种重要形式。企业在组建知识联盟的过程中,可促使企业之间隐含性知识的转移,并且还能学习和创造新的交叉知识。企业隐含性知识能否在知识联盟的过程中实行有效转移,组织学习具有非常重要的意义,企业需要有明确的学习目标和较强的学习能力。     

战略联盟中的组织学习研究

通过战略联盟学习组织外部的知识和技术诀窍(know-how)越来越受到企业的重视。战略联盟中的组织学习,根据不同的学习目标可以分为四种模式:非对等学习、非相互学习、竞争性学习和非竞争性学习。战略联盟中成员企业的组织学习过程受到多种因素的影响,如学习意图、学习过程的透明度及吸收能力等。为了促进战略联盟成员企业的组织学习,需要建立有效的机制和联盟成员企业之间相互信任,有明确的学习意图、正确选派学习代理人、促进联盟知识的分享。     

基于生命周期的技术联盟组织学习研究

从技术联盟的生命周期角度入手,系统完整地介绍了技术联盟的整个发展过程,分析了各个阶段中企业组织学习的特征、学习内容和影响因素,指出企业应在整个技术联盟生命周期中加强对组织外知识的学习,最后提出增强企业在技术联盟中学习能力的三点建议。     

战略联盟内企业组织学习绩效的影响因素分析

知识已经成为持续竞争优势源泉,企业进行联盟内组织学习以获取战略性知识已成为其组建战略联盟的重要目的。文章认为,企业的吸收能力、学习意图以及联盟双方的知识基础、文化适应性、相互信任的程度、知识的性质以及联盟的结构和沟通机制是影响战略联盟内组织学习绩效的关键因素。     

战略并购与知识联盟的学习经济效应

企业战略并购和知识联盟的主要目的在于通过组织学习，从对方（并购方或联盟方）获得知识和能力，形成自身的竞争优势，创造更大的价值。由于这一学习过程能给企业带来经济效益，因此也称之为“学习经济”。学习经济的本质在于，由于学习速度加快而使知识转移效率提高，从而提升企业的战略资源价值，巩固企业的竞争优势。企业并购是为了实现目标企业的能力、知识的转移和扩散以及同并购企业原有能力、知识的整合，获得目标企业的战略资源，从而形成持续竞争优势。而知识联盟的主要目标也是为了学习及创造知识，形成企业的持续竞争优势。     

企业战略联盟中的组织间学习

企业建立战略联盟的原因有许多种,其中通过组织间学习．获取联盟伙伴的管理经验与技术知识是一个重要动机。组织间学习是组织中的个体、团队和整个组织层在与其他组织的比较过程中,获得和应用新知识的过程。企业战略联盟中的组织间学习出于以下考虑：     

联盟中知识获取与保护：联盟经验的作用

企业与其伙伴建立研发联盟的一个主要原因是获取诀窍和能力。同时,他们还必须保护自己知识以防止合作者的机会主义行为。知识获取与知识保护被认为是相互排斥的,很多人认为是很难同时达到的目标。相反,当企业积累了联盟经验并且形成了有效的内部学习机制时,他们能够同时达到这两个目标。建立在组织层次的联盟经验有利于学习和知识获取,同时它能阻止联盟伙伴的机会主义行为,对自身知识起到保护作用。     

提高中国企业在国际战略联盟中学习能力的问题分析

国际战略联盟是我国企业获取世界先进技术和管理经验的重要渠道。但现实中企业常常难以达到预期的学习效果。文章探讨企业如何在联盟知识的获取、共享和吸收三个环节，提高自身的学习能力。     

合作创新联盟中成员知识学习建模研究

积极参与全球合作创新已经成为新时期企业迅速提升核心能力的一条重要途径,合作创新联盟成员之间充满着竞争性学习行为。但目前国内外学术界针对合作创新中伙伴的学习行为进行建模研究并不多见。本文在广泛研读了相关文献的基础上,根据创新联盟成员组织学习特征,试图对合作创新联盟中成员知识学习行为进行建模分析与描述,并希望引起大家进一步展开讨论。     

A Knowledge Accessing Theory of Strategic Alliances

ABSTRACT The emerging knowledge‐based view of the firm offers new insight into the causes and management of interfirm alliances. However, the development of an effective knowledge‐based theory of alliance formation has been inhibited by a simplistic view of alliances as vehicles for organizational learning in which strategic alliances have presumed to be motivated by firms’ desire to acquire knowledge from one another. We argue that the primary advantage of alliances over both firms and markets is in accessing rather than acquiring knowledge. Building upon the distinction between the knowledge generation (‘exploration’) and knowledge application (‘exploitation’), we show that alliances contribute to the efficiency in the application of knowledge; first, by improving the efficiency with which knowledge is integrated into the production of complex goods and services, and second, by increasing the efficiency with which knowledge is utilized. These static efficiency advantages of alliances are enhanced where there is uncertainty over future knowledge requirements and where new products offer early‐mover advantages. Compared with alternative learning‐based approaches to alliance formation, our proposed knowledge‐accessing theory of alliances offers the advantages of greater theoretical rigour and consistency with general trends in alliance activity and corporate strategy.     

企业微型学习的设计研究

随着计算机网络技术和移动通信技术的飞速发展,越来越多的企业机构期望更高效地组织员工学习新的技能和专业知识,以此提升企业的竞争力。而此时移动学习和娱乐学习的理念出现并广为流行,企业的学习者也越来越关注学习方式和知识管理的便捷性和实时性,企业微型学习的发展正是顺应了这一理念的需求,它是继数字化学习之后出现的一个新型的学习模式。     

Strategic Flexibility in New High‐Technology Ventures

Strategic flexibility is a vital capability for new ventures to update their strategies in a timely manner. However, the role of external knowledge sources in new ventures’ endeavours to develop strategic flexibility are unclear. Drawing on the knowledge‐based and relational views, we explore the effect of two sources of external knowledge: new product development (NPD) alliances, representing tightly coupled sources, and loosely coupled sources such as industry associations. Our field study of 148 high‐tech ventures found that the extent to which firms utilize knowledge from NPD alliances has a curvilinear relationship with strategic flexibility, whereas the extent to which firms utilize loosely coupled sources has a positive linear relationship with strategic flexibility. We also found that in new ventures, decentralization of decision‐making and institutional support enhance knowledge integration, positively moderating these relationships.     

The Influence of Technological Knowledge Base and Organizational Structure on Technology Collaboration

This study investigates how an incumbent company's internal characteristics influence its propensity to form learning alliances. A firm may be reluctant to enter a research alliance when it has deep knowledge in a certain technological field due to concerns about knowledge leakage and the low possibility of being able to learn much from collaboration. On the contrary, when the firm has a broad knowledge base, it may have high propensity to enter alliances due to more self‐confidence in its ability to learn fast from partners. In addition, we argue that when a firm concentrates its R&D at a central location, this neutralizes the positive and negative influences of the two knowledge base features on alliance formation. We tested and found support for the hypotheses using a database of 1550 alliances undertaken by 78 large incumbent pharmaceutical, chemical, and agro‐food companies active in the biotechnology sector during 1993–2002.     

Learning and Innovation in International Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Test of the Role of Trust and Tacitness

Drawing on knowledge-based, organizational learning, and social capital perspectives, we propose and test an integrated framework in which knowledge tacitness and trust act as mediating mechanisms in the relationship between partner characteristics and alliance outcomes. We distinguish between learning and innovation outcomes and suggest that while innovation may result from alliance learning, it can also be created by combining separate knowledge bases without learning from each other. We contend that tacitness and trust play differing roles in the pursuit of learning and innovation and test this proposition on a sample of 120 international strategic alliances.     

Learning barriers: a framework for the examination of structural impediments to organizational change

The body of knowledge on organizational learning is believed to be large and fragmented. Therefore, this knowledge seems to be of limited use to practitioners. We, however, present an alternative review of the most important publications on organizational learning that deals explicitly with learning barriers. The structural causes of problems with organizational learning are related to malfunctioning components of the cybernetic learning system of the organization. Thus, it became clear that the body of knowledge on organizational learning is less fragmented and does not contain any contradictions. This resulted in our construction of a framework in which the major contributions on organizational learning are integrated. It allows practitioners to use strengths of multiple theories to analyze change management problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

促进企业学习的一种工具——供应链管理

供应链管理(SCM)作为企业学习的一种有效工具,它可以帮助企业进行适应性和创造性的学习。SCM法通过持续的改进和现存知识的管理促进适应性学习;通过学习文化的发展和新型思维模式的发展促进创造性学习。     

基于学习型组织的人力资源发展模型分析

面对知识经济的挑战,企业的人力资源发展需要突破原有的思维模式和运作方式。文章在对学习型组织理论和人力资源管理理论研究的基础上,从人力资源管理全过程的角度,提出了基于学习型组织的人力资源发展模型,并对模型进行了分析。