湖北省咸宁市土地利用变化及其生态效应的图谱分析

运用地学信息图谱和动态度模型分析方法,在RS和GIS的支持下生成了咸宁市1996-2005年土地利用变化图谱,在此基础上,对研究区1996-2005年土地利用变化特征进行分析并对其生态效应进行了测算.结果表明:研究时段内,耕地、未利用地不断减少,林地和建设用地不断增加,林地增加量最大;建设用地动态变化最为显著,其次是耕地;土地利用变化使土地生态服务价值增加了1.78亿元.由此可知,土地利用变化最大的是耕地向林地转化,其次是耕地向建设用地转化;建设占用耕地所引起的负效应被退耕还林所产生的正效应抵消;全市及各县市的土地生态服务价值量随着土地利用结构的调整,都呈现为先下降后上升并走向平稳的趋势.经过实证分析,基于RS和GIS的地学信息图谱分析可有效解决土地利用时空变化和生态效应定量化的问题.     

长株潭城市群区域土地利用变化研究

基于土地利用变更调查数据,研究长株潭城市群区域土地利用变化及其驱动机制.结果表明:1996-2005年,区域耕地、居民点及工矿用地变化幅度较大,交通用地变化较快.人类活动对区域土地利用干扰度较强,且有增强趋势.各地类重心分布发生一定偏移,耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地重心偏移较明显,有向北移动趋势.人口、经济、政策等人文因素是区域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素,人为影响程度是区域土地利用空间格局变化的主要驱动力.     

山东省土地利用变化的基本特征与区域差异

本文基于1990、2000、2010和2015年山东省的四期Landsat TM遥感影像,采用目视解译方法,对山东省的土地利用类型进行人工解译得到四个时期的土地利用数据库,运用单一土地利用动态度来描述土地类型的变化强度,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能计算各土地利用类型之间的转移矩阵,从而分析山东省土地利用类型的转移特征与区域差异。结果显示,(1)1990-2015年,山东省耕地面积不断减少,主要向建设用地、水域、林地转变;城镇建设用地面积不断上升且呈“东中集中,西北西南相对少”的趋势;农村居民点用地面积增长较快的主要特点是“西北西南增幅大,自东向西蔓延”,面积增长较快;天然湖泊等水域面积向人工水域面积转变,变化最大为南四湖;(2)土地利用动态度变化较大,整体来看,建设用地变化最大,其次是水域、耕地和未利用地;(3)土地利用变化原因主要在于经济驱动、市场导向和政策调控。其中,经济驱动因素主要在耕地—建设用地转换中最为明显,市场导向更多地影响了土地利用类型内部的相互转换,而政策调控直接影响了耕地—林地的相互变化。     

经济高速发展时期河南省土地利用变化分析研究

以河南省为研究区,对不同年份的土地利用数据进行分类系统整合,在此基础上,对河南省1996~2009年土地利用类型进行了对比分析,分析得出耕地、城镇村及工矿用地、林地、交通运输用地面积在增加,园地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、其它土地面积在减少,在各类土地类型转换中,林地是变化最为激烈的土地利用类型,其次是其它土地,变化最稳定的地类是交通运输用地,其次是耕地。     

江汉平原耕地资源非农化空间差异分析

在我国农村人口城市化的过程中,城市建设占用大量耕地的同时,农村居民点也在占用耕地.城市化不仅包括人口城市化,还包括土地利用城市化和耕地非农化城市化.通过人口城市化指标来表征人口结构、土地利用城市化指标和耕地非农化城市化指标来表征土地利用结构.在分析江汉平原人口城市化、土地利用城市化和耕地非农化城市化空间差异的基础上,研究了江汉平原人口结构和土地利用结构的空间差异与耕地非农化空间差异之间的关系.研究发现:2004年,江汉平原地区耕地非农化面积较多的市县主要集中在武汉市城市圈内;耕地非农化主要流向城镇用地、交通用地和工矿用地,但各市县的情况不一;土地利用结构的空间差异是形成江汉平原耕地非农化空间差异的主要原因.     

重庆市黔江区土地利用变化及其驱动力分析

利用重庆市黔江区1996-2005年土地利用变化数据,分析了该区土地利用变化的基本特点,即居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、林地面积大量增加;耕地、园地、其他农用地、未利用地面积大量减少.并运用SPSS软件分析了影响土地利用变化的主导因素,认为人口增长、经济发展、城镇化与工业化、土地政策是导致黔江区土地利用变化的主要因素.     

农村居民点用地动态变化及驱动力分析--以青岛市为例

为了弄清楚农村居民点用地时空演变的规律性,以青岛市1996-2004年社会经济统计数据为依据,利用定量方法对青岛市农村居民点用地数量变化及区域差异进行了分析,在此基础上提取了影响农村居民点用地变换的驱动因子.结果表明:青岛市1996-2004年农村居民点用地数量总体上呈逐年减少趋势,农村居民点用地变化区域差异明显;经济发展动态因素和农业科技进步因素是影响青岛市农村居民点用地变化的主要动因.     

农村居民点整理模式的调查与研究——以河南汝州市温庄村为例

“加强土地管理 ,切实保护耕地”是我国应长期坚持的一项基本国策。为有效贯彻这一基本国策 ,新《土地管理法》规定我国实行耕地总量动态平衡制度 ,要求建设用地占用耕地与补充耕地应实现动态平衡。补充耕地的途径有多种。根据我国目前土地利用结构 ,农村居民点用地在建设用地中占有相当大比例 ,人均农村居民点用地远大于国家规定标准 ,整理潜力巨大 ,通过农村居民点整理是一个补充耕地的有效途径。但是 ,与其他补充耕地的途径相比 ,农村居民点整理又有其特殊性。调查研究农村居民点整理的个案 ,对认识其规律性有重要意义。河南省汝州市温庄…     

我国农村居民点土地节约集约利用 影响因素及区域差异研究

从宏观层面分析农村居民点土地节约集约利用的影响因素,并通过区域对比研究分析不同区域间农村居民点用地节约集约利用的主要驱动力,为土地利用相关战略和政策的制定提供依据。以农村人均居民点用地面积为因变量,采用多元非线性回归方法进行影响因素分析。研究表明:农村居民点土地利用模式主要受到区域经济发展水平的影响。其中,城镇化的影响最为显著,由于农村居民点土地缺乏行之有效的退出机制,城镇化水平越高的地方农村居民点土地利用越粗放。农民收入水平的提高和政府财政支持可以显著提升农村居民点土地的节约集约利用水平。不同区域的农村居民点用地节约集约利用驱动力不同,可分为城镇化驱动型、规划政策引导型、混合驱动型和尚未形成用地节约集约的起步型4种类型。     

重庆梁平县土地利用变化与空间格局研究

分析了梁平县1996～2005年土地利用变化情况和空间格局:①林地面积变化幅度最大,其次是耕地,未利用地得到了一定开发,土地利用率提高;交通用地变化速度最快,全县土地利用变化速度最近3年明显加快;土地利用程度呈现整体下降的斜"W"型变化;②在浅丘、平坝区,土地利用多样性及破碎化程度较高,而集中化程度较低;低山丘陵区,土地多样性低,集中化程度高;全县土地利用以耕地和林地为主。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.