Informal government preferences and asymmetric land allocation in China

Whether governments have informal preferences toward firms when allocating land resources and the effects of such preferences on regional development remain unclear, particularly in countries with weak formal institutions. This paper investigates the government’s informal preferences in land allocations in China. Substantial evidence is found that politically connected firms are preferred to win land auctions at lower prices due to two different reasons. These preferences are informally achieved through a two-stage auction mechanism rather than formal bid preference programs, and result in the asymmetrical allocation of urban land in terms of land quality, quantity, and price, across politically and non-politically connected firms in China. The state-owned enterprises are allocated poor quality land parcels at 55% land price discounts. In comparison, the manager-based politically connected firms are allocated regular land parcels at 6% price discounts, and other firms without connections with the government are allocated regular land at higher prices.     

Agricultural taxation in developing countries: a survey of issues and policy

This study surveys the experience of agricultural taxation in developing countries in the context of the ongoing policy debate about the tax structure and administration affecting agricultural producers. Using the examples of a number of countries, it analyzes the conceptual and practical problems associated with different tax regimes. Governments in most countries have reduced indirect (export) taxes on agricultural producers. However, the revenue from direct taxes on farmers has not increased. A major problem in most countries has been the measurement of (actual) agricultural income. Different measures for presumed income have been used with varying success. They seem to have the most potential for increased revenue in many countries, but their effective implementation is constrained by the political and administrative considerations.     

中国农村村庄治理方式的发展趋势

本文从经济与政治关联的特定视角分析了中国农村村庄治理方式的发展趋向。指出中国农村现行的村民自治制度是特定经济背景下的产物,随着农村经济的非均衡发展和迅速变迁,村民自治模式将日益呈现多样化趋势,并有可能最终突破村民自治框架,实现村庄治理方式的转换。基于此,文章提出了一系列应对思路。     

农村女性劳动要素配置与中国经济增长

虽然中国经济进入发展转型阶段,但由于大国小农的基本国情长期存在,如何挖掘和充分释放农村女性劳动力所具有的二次人口红利成为重要议题.本文采用2005-2017年全国统计数据,利用两部门经济理论框架,对农村女性劳动要素配置扭曲程度进行了分析.研究结果表明,当前配置在农业部门的农村女性劳动力存在较大扭曲.尽管考虑无偿劳动...     

Rural land system reforms in China: History,issues, measures and prospects

Land system reform (LSR) helps to protect farmers' rights and interests and national food security. China is a country dominated by agriculture but insufficient arable land resources. The contradiction between man and land is prominent. To alleviate the man-land contradiction, the Chinese government has carried out a series of LSRs, especially in the past half century. Extensive and in-depth studies have been done on the process and stage characteristics of China's LSRs, but the systematic analysis on the necessity, problems and key measures to deepen the land system reform is still insufficient. Based on a systematic review of the history of the evolution of China's LSRs, this study firstly analyzed the key issues and new challenges existing in or arising from China's land system, then put forward the necessity of deepening the reform of land system, and discussed specific measures taken to deepen the reform of land system in China at present and finally pointed out the future LSR’s direction. The results show that China's rural LSR has gone through five stages in general since 1949. The key problems existing or arising from the current land system in China include unclear subject of land property right, serious inefficient utilization of land resources, rapid farmland conversion and conflict between farmers’ interests and land system. The dual land system in urban and rural areas has severely restricted the integration of social and economic development in this country. The Chinese government is actively promoting the reforms of rural agricultural land, collective operating construction land and homestead to further remove the dual institutional barriers that hinder the establishment of an integrated land trading market. The vision is good, but there is still a long way to go for China's LSR. The direction of China's rural LSR is to make the property rights relationship clearer, the farmland rights more complete, the transfer transactions more market-oriented and the property rights’ protection more equal. Deepening the rural LSRs is helpful to improve the efficiency of land resource utilization, safeguard the rights and interests of farmers, promote the coordination of human-land relationship, and inject new vitality and momentum into rural revitalization. Cooperative promotion of land resource capitalization reform and household registration system reform is the key area of land system reform in China in the future.     

我国农村居民收入分配差距新变化

本文利用最新中国家庭收入调查数据,分析2013—2018年我国农村居民收入分配的新状况,使用无条件分位数回归方法,讨论农村收入差距变化的主要原因。研究发现,2013—2018年我国农村居民收入显著增长,农村内部收入差距呈现一定的扩大趋势。市场化收入贡献率下降是农村内部差距上升的主要原因,低收入群体市场化收入增速下降、高收入群体要素回报率上升,导致这一时期农村收入差距有所扩大。本文建议加大政策扶持力度,稳定农产品市场价格,促进低收入群体收入稳定增长。要充分发挥农村高收入群体的作用,带动低收入农民致富增收,并有效缩小农村收入差距。     

农村集体资产股份合作社发展过程中政府的角色分析——基于苏州与佛山的案例比较

在快速城市化和工业化进程中,城郊农村地区的集体土地的资产价值逐步显化。为保证集体资产保值增值,这些地区建立了由政府主导的农村集体资产股份合作社。本文以苏州市高新区和佛山市南海区为例,从政府干预的角度剖析政府主导型农村集体资产股份合作社治理的现状,并分析了政府干预其治理的内在逻辑。分析发现,政府通过为集体资产股份合作社提供政策指导、项目倾斜、财政扶持、规则制定等措施逐步实现了合作社效率与公平的双赢。然而,随着政府干预强度的不断提高,政府逐渐介入合作社内部事务,合作社被纳入政府行政体系之中,既削弱了合作社经济效率也加大了政府负担。鉴于此,建议政府把握好干预的强度及边界,逐渐退出对合作社内部经营管理事务的介入,通过激发合作社内部管理层的投资积极性,在维持社会稳定的前提下提高合作社的经营效益。     

城乡一体化发展进程中农村成人教育发展探析

发展农村成人教育是推动城乡一体化发展、提高城镇化质量的内在要求和有效途径。然而,我国农村成人教育面临着供求不足、质量不高、结构不良的现实困境。因此,在城乡一体化发展进程中,应优化农村成人教育发展的长效机制,加大财政、金融支持力度,创新教育模式,整合城乡师资力量,加强创业教育,促进农村成人教育全面发展。     

适应乡村振兴战略的新型农村住房制度构建设想

在新时期经济社会结构转型和城乡发展关系重塑的背景下,农村住房制度对促进城乡要素流动和助力乡村振兴具有重要意义。本文通过对多个宅基地制度改革试点地区的政策研究、实地调查和访谈,对农民工城乡生活状况的问卷调研,深入分析了我国农村住房发展现状和存在的问题,探究建立适应乡村振兴战略和农村住房需求的新型农村住房制度的意义。基于乡村振兴战略、住房需求层次和农村住房双重属性的理论认识,阐释建立农村新型住房制度的理论意义。从宅基地制度的局限性入手,发现宅基地所固有的成员权属性、福利属性及权能模糊性,是造成制度桎梏与现实发展的诸多矛盾的根源所在。据此,本文提出了构建以满足多层次住房需求的农村住房供应体系及与之相适应的农村住宅用地供应体系为主的新型农村住房制度,并对其影响、效果以及试点实践的可行性进行讨论。新型农村住房制度的建立,为从根本上解决农村住房发展困境,推进乡村振兴战略实施提供可行路径。     

The role of government in land registry and cadastre service in Turkey: Towards a government 3.0 perspective

Within the scope of the developments in public administration after the 1990s, “Good Governance” approach has been preferred instead of the traditional public management approach. Good Governance is a fair, impartial and egalitarian management model that is based on co-management and envisages the participation of all actors (e.g. public and private sector, civil society) in decision-making processes. With this new management model, public institutions in Turkey began to realise good governance based reforms, especially in areas where they establish a close relationship with citizens. In this article, changes in the public administration in Turkey together with good governance and the effects. The effects change on the land registry and cadastre processes are discussed. In this regard, a situation is evaluated in the context of the future Government 3.0 process by discussing the successful and incomplete aspects of good governance in land registry and cadastre practice in Turkey.     

中国农村金融组织发展与区域农业经济增长的关联性分析

本文运用双变量格兰杰因果关系检验法，选择1985-2003年的有关数据，分别检验了东中西部三大区域内农业经济增长与农村金融组织发展之间的因果关系。研究表明，就区域层面而言，农村金融组织发展与农业经济增长存在单向的格兰杰因果关系，农业经济增长不是农村金融组织发展的格兰杰原因。因此，培育和发展农村金融组织，建立多元化竞争性的农村金融市场体系，对于构建农村金融组织发展与区域农业经济增长之间的良性互动关系具有重要作用。     

我国农村土地承包经营权流转的现状、难点和建议

笔者从我国农村土地承包经营权流转的现状、存在的难点二方面进行探讨,提出农村土地承包经营权的制度变迁、建立与完善市场流转机制、慎重对待农村土地承包经营权流转等三点建议。     

Rural employment in industrialised countries⋆

This paper assesses the recent changes in rural employment in the OECD countries, highlighting the growing role of employment in services and, in some cases, manufacturing activity. In many, but not all, rural areas the secular decline in agricultural employment has been more than counterbalanced by growing employment in these other sectors. However, the diversity of employment growth within and between rural areas is stressed, as are the implications of this diversity for policy. A range of explanations for the relative economic success of some rural areas is explored. These include the impacts of globalisation; restructuring of the labour market; new‘consumption’ demands on the rural areas; and human mobility. The paper concludes that traditional theories do not explain the diversity of outcomes in rural areas. New approaches are needed. Recent analyses under the banner of‘the new economic geography’ has advanced our understanding of the pre‐conditions for rural development to occur, but understanding the diverse pattern of rural employment outcomes within the same kind of geography remains a challenge which needs to be addressed by inter‐disciplinary approaches and methods.     

乡村振兴与农村土地制度改革

我国正处于城乡中国的发展阶段,社会经济面临着转型升级的持续变迁,农业和乡村发展面临的环境条件发生了实质性变化,本文重点探讨如何通过农村土地制度创新以促进乡村振兴。研究结果表明,我国社会经济发展所处的特殊时代背景决定了我国乡村振兴的路径选择必须从乡村内部出发,寻找撬动实现乡村振兴的支点。要围绕"实权"与"流动"两个维度深化农村土地制度改革,为乡村振兴提供土地制度保障。"实权"是要将农地产权落到实处,相关的法律法规条文要明确农地各项产权权能的内含、外延,要把农地产权落实到具体的权利主体身上。"流动"是要在保证粮食安全和国家安全的前提下,在土地利用空间规划的管控下,实现土地资源的自由市场流动。     

我国规制IUU捕捞的措施分析

随着全球人口数量的持续增加,渔业资源缺乏的问题不断加剧。IUU Fishing破坏了渔业资源的恢复和再生产能力,影响了渔业资源的可持续利用。论文对IUU Fishing成因进行了分析,发现主要有3方面原因:追求捕捞成本的降低;提高渔获收益;对IUU Fishing的处罚力度小。我国积极履行国际条约和协定规定的义务,完善渔业法律制度,加大处罚力度,完善渔船监控和管理制度,严格执行船舶登记管理制度,加强国际合作,创新渔业资源管理模式,以有效规制IUU Fishing。     

节能减排财税政策及其对节水的启示

节能减排财税政策对建立健全促进节水的财税激励机制具有重要参考价值。梳理分析了节能减排财税政策的主要内容,提出节水工作应借鉴节能减排经验,从国家层面高位推动,建立相应的财税支持政策,政策适用范围应涵盖农业、工业、生活等各个行业和领域的节水;综合运用补贴、奖励、贴息、税收优惠等多种手段,保持政策的连续性和稳定性,加强资金使用的监管。     

基于行业发展与政府规制双重约束的新疆旅游业用水需求预测

首先基于旅游业行业发展和水资源管理政府规制的双重约束,设计9种情景;然后从旅游全要素视角,建立由餐饮、住宿、能源、生态、购物等5类水足迹账户组成的旅游业用水需求量预测模型;将旅游业从业人员纳入账户,提出不同情景下旅游业5类水足迹账户的预测方法;最后对2025年不同情景下新疆旅游业用水量进行了预测。研究结果表明:2025年,相较于政府规制力度和行业发展速度,新疆旅游业用水需求量对后者更为敏感;9种情景中,中/强是最适宜的发展情景,即控制游客规模以9%的速度发展,旅游业年度新增就业人员4万人,政府控制万元工业增加值用水量年均节水率7%,控制居民生活用能源增速为5.52%。     

新中国70年的农村养老保障:历史演进与现实困境

基于制度变迁和福利文化的相关理论,本文对我国农村养老保障70年的历史演进与现实困境进行了讨论。分析表明,70年来,我国农村养老保障体系主要经历了"传统家庭养老-集体养老-新型家庭养老-社会化养老"等四个阶段的演化过程。尽管我国养老保障体系的"二元"架构具备一定的历史合理性,但农村养老保障产品长期供给不足,引致养老保障体系的运行成本持续增长,进行城乡统筹的所谓"转轨"成本较高。市场化参与力量相对缺失,农村养老保障的多元主体供给体系难以构建。由于可能存在的"小农意识"和短视行为以及关于养老保险产品的悲观预期,农民群体的主动参与意愿相对不足,引致这一群体广泛参与的可持续的农村养老保障体系并未有效构建。     

知识型农村青年教育培养体系探索——基于农村青年学习心理需求的调查分析

新农村建设客观上要求建设主体必须是具有高知识、高技能的综合性人才,知识型农村青年是新农村建设的未来主体。教育是培养知识型农村青年的主要途径,设置合理的教育体系以培养新农村建设主体是繁荣农村经济的题中之义。本文从调查所得的农村青年学习心理需求的客观基础出发,针对现有农村教育体系设置的不足,提出培育知识型农村青年的农村教育方向应该注重“综合性”和“专业性”,在教育培训内容及教育体系设置上注重多元化、多层次、现代化的的对策建议。     

Property taxation and rural land values: Their effect on private forestland ownership structure in Texas

The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of property tax and rural land market value on the ownership structure of private forestland in Texas. Using county-level panel data in an Instrumental Variable regression framework, we estimated the effect of property tax rate and rural land value on two measures of ownership fragmentation: the total number of private forest landowners and the average size of private forest holdings. The results indicate that after controlling for the total amount of private forest area in a county, both property tax rates and rural land values increased ownership fragmentation. However, the rate of ownership fragmentation was relatively inelastic in both property tax rate and rural land value. While further restructuring local property tax rates might minimize the negative effect on private ownership dynamics, policy instruments that decrease the disparity between productivity value and market value of rural forestland might be needed to check the ongoing ownership fragmentation in Texas and elsewhere in the United States.