Introduction to Articles on Black Women and Work

Black women are one of the hardest working groups in the country. However, hard work is not always properly rewarded. The existence of wage inequities based on race has been shown to exist (Darity The Journal of Human Resources XVII: 72–91 1982), and black women have not been exempt from its implications. In addition, African American women still experience higher unemployment levels than their white female counterparts. In papers examining black women in the nursing profession, their income and earnings volatility, and inequities in their employment, Richard McGregory, Bradley Hardy, and Linda Loubert provide an overview of where black women stand in the U.S. labor market with respect to work and earnings. While these pieces show that African American women have made significant inroads into the American labor market there is still further to go.     

Beyond Anecdotes: A Quantitative Examination of Black Women in Academe

Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, and the Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System Completion Survey by Race, this paper provides a quantitative analysis of black woman as they progress through the academy as students, faculty or administrators. This paper will detail the number of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees awarded to black woman, the colleges and universities that are successful at conferring said degrees, and the professional outcomes of black women employed in academe. We find that black women earn twice as many degrees as black men and that younger black female professors seem to face fewer barriers to success in the academy than their predecessors.     

服务贸易的发展:上海的经验

本文从服务贸易的发生方式以及中国入世关于服务贸易具体承诺的角度，分析了上海服务贸易发展的经验与未来态势。文章认为：(1)在中国的具体承诺减让中，上海的许多服务部门(尤其是“商务服务”、“通信服务”、“分销服务”、“金融服务”、“旅游及与旅行相关的服务”等)都被放在全国开放的前列。(2)在服务贸易“商业存在”模式方面，外资投资从以前的一般加工业逐渐扩展至服务业领域。但在服务业中，房地产业的外资比重最高。这意味着，外资在上海服务业内部的投向仍需作进一步的引导和优化。(3)由于经济发展阶段的差异，上海在国际服务贸易发展的很多方面与其他国际大都市相比还存在相当大的差距。而且，上海在服务贸易的出口方面或服务业“走出去”方面做得还很不够，“引进来的”远远多于“走出去的”，“引进来”和“走出去”很不对称。(4)上海“一个龙头，四个中心”建设与服务贸易的发展息息相关。为此，文章提出以下建议：深刻认识到服务业和服务贸易在发展上海城市经济、提高城市综合竞争力和现代化水平等方面的重要作用，树立“大服务”观念；紧紧抓住中国加入WTO的契机，对服务业与服务贸易进行改革，使其直面竞争与开放，切实增强服务贸易的国际竞争力；大力推进服务贸易的结构调整；优化服务贸易发展的环境。     

从莱阳的经验看区域经济发展新思路

区域经济指在某一个地方(一个地区、一个县市)发展起来的、具有浓郁特色的经济.在经济全球化浪潮席卷下,区域经济不是孤立的、封闭式的经济,尤其是在我国加入WTO后,它必然要与世界经济发生密切的联系.如何在世界经济大潮中找准定位,发挥优势,成为世界经济中的一个亮点,是区域经济发展的目标.地处胶东半岛腹地的山东莱阳市,近几年在这方面进行了一些有益的探索,其成功经验日渐引起了人们的关注.     

建国以来非公有制经济的发展历程

中国非公有制经济的发展历史可划分为六个阶段,即国民经济恢复时期;“一五”计划时期;社会主义改造完成到改革开放前时期;非公有制崛起并曲折发展时期;迅猛发展时期;确立制度,持续健康发展时期。     

African Americans and U.S. Politics: The Gradual Progress of Black Women in Political Representation

This paper argues that since the 1960s, African Americans have substantially increased their political participation in the U.S. political system. It claims that Blacks in the U.S. have built a strong political foundation and that their influence in the country’s political system has grown within the past four decades. The paper highlights, however, that more Black women tend to be active participants in the electoral process than Black men and that there is the potential for Black women to equal or surpass Black men in the number of elected officials within their race in the years and decades to come.

日本大阪市现代服务业发展的特征、经验及启示

我国目前的经济发展阶段决定了服务业应进入一个快速发展期,但由于受到多方面因素的制约.我国服务业的发展现状不尽如人意,特别是一些区域性经济中心城市,在服务业发展中存在明显的雷同现象.大阪市服务业成功发展的经验可以归结为:发挥区域性的制造业基础优势,对细分服务行业予以政策性支持,培育细分行业的竞争优势.以及挖掘多元要素组合.大阪经验对于天津市发展服务业的启示在于:一是要明确与北京市的错位发展关系;二是重点培育制造业衍生的服务业;三是坚持专业化、细分化的发展方向;四是拓展生产者服务业的辐射范围;五是制定有针对性的分类培育举措.     

日本农户增收的产业路径及其启示

日本农业的"六次产业化"能够振兴农村经济、增加农户收入的原因是:第一,运用农业、农村的多功能性,充分有效利用农村地区资源;第二,依托农业生产延伸产业链的同时,把农业的"六次产业化"过程中生成的高附加值尽可能留存在农村;第三,因地制宜地选择适合当地农村地区发展的农业的"六次产业化"经营模式.日本通过农业的"六次产业化"经营增加农民收入的路径,对于我国切实解决三农问题有一定的借鉴意义.     

Community Development Credit Unions: Securing and Protecting Assets in Black Communities

Credit Unions, with a hundred year history, and Community Development Credit Unions (CDCUs), with a 30–40 year history of serving the under-served, have only recently begun to be recognized by some of the media and the progressive community as “safe havens” and fair lenders. There is little independent, academic research, however, that investigates and evaluates the ways that credit unions are community-rooted and responsive to local needs, and/or their achievements in this area. This paper reports on preliminary qualitative research this author has conducted to help us understand how community development credit unions in Black communities in the U.S. provide affordable financial services, and especially help their clients/members to preserve assets. Major findings include: all CDCUs note that they charge lower rates for their products, and provide higher interest or dividends when possible; both which enable members/customers to save money and build assets. CDCUs work closely with their members to personalize services, to help them avoid loans they cannot afford, and to educate them enough to make sound financial decisions and preserve their assets. Many give some direct options to their members to avoid “payday loans” with check cashing and other predatory lenders. In addition, most CDCUs are deeply involved in their communities, and the bigger ones actually provide donations, encourage their employees to volunteer in the community and are generous employees (creating jobs with benefits and job ladder opportunities). Some are able to help finance affordable housing and contribute to other community economic development projects.     

回归20年：澳门经济发展的成就、经验与挑战

从澳门回归20年经济发展的成就看,澳门能有目前的经济发展成就,其主要经验在于:一国两制下政治、经济相互促进的增长模式。未来的挑战主要是如何使澳门经济增长由量向质转变。     

农村小额信贷可持续发展国际经验分析

文章以全新的视角,从国外可持续发展的农村小额信贷的典型模式,泰国农业和农村合作社银行、印尼人民银行农村信贷部和孟加拉乡村银行等三家银行经营业绩分析与农村小额信贷可持续发展国际经验分析三个方面,为农村小额信贷的实践和发展提供了思路。     

国际小额信贷发展的经验及启示

小额信贷是一种有效的金融扶贫方式。通过对福利主义小额信贷模式和制度主义小额信贷模式的比较,揭示国际小额信贷发展的制度主义倾向及其成功经验。分析我国小额信贷的实践并对其进行总体评价,最后指出国际成功小额信贷对我国的启示。     

A Comparative Analysis of Chinese-Nigerian Economic Reforms and Development Experiences

I. IntroductionThe economic reform process embarked on by the Chinese leaders in 1978 came at a time ofneed. In 1976, the political class that assumed the leadership saw the great need for economicreform and transformation. This vision was strengthened specifically by the assumption ofA Comparative Analysis of Chinese-Nigerian Economic115Reforms and Development Experiencespower by Deng Xiaoping. The formal diplomatic relations the P.R. China established withUnited States in 1979 furthe…     

Black Power and the Power of Protest: Re-Examining Approaches for Radical Economic Development

A look at movements organized and carried out in Philadelphia aimed at economically empowering African Americans could be useful in assessing degrees of success toward identified objectives and in evaluating gains toward addressing the critical question of economic self-sufficiency. The African American community in Philadelphia has a lengthy history of social activism and was successful in establishing early legislation protecting African American employment rights. This paper surveys demonstrations in Philadelphia geared toward improving African Americans’ collective economic reality. Next, it assesses the success of the demonstrations in Philadelphia toward their desired objectives. Then, it analyzes the significance of these movements toward addressing the central concern of economic stability. Lastly, it recommends necessary shifts in objectives to adequately address economic self-sufficiency.     

Educational Attainment,Citizenship, and Black American Women in Elected and Appointed National Leadership Positions

This article examines the issue of American citizenship and how it is related to Black Americans, especially from the perspectives of educational attainment and national political leadership positions (focusing on the U.S. Senate, office of governor, and the U.S. Supreme Court). The article presents seven interrelated conceptual or theoretical perspectives of American citizenship (Three Citizenships; Gender; Equality; Race; Belonging; Military Service; and Protestant Christianity), and where Black Americans (especially Black women) fit in them. The article claims that while Black American women have made substantial progress in college degree attainment, they have done so at a very high financial cost. The article claims that compared with other groups in the society, the gains in educational attainment made by Black American women have not resulted in them being elected or selected to these national leadership positions. Among the factors presented for this exclusion of Black women are: lack of strong support from Black American male leaders and institutional support; ambition; first occupy public office within the states of the Union; they must become moderate politicians; perception that Black women have more privileges in the society than Black men and other groups; and negative media portrayal of Black female candidates. The article claims that despite being one of the oldest and most native groups in the United States, with over nine out of every 10 of them being native-born citizens, Black American women in particular tend to have the characteristics of non-citizens.     

政府在低碳城市发展中的作用——国际经验及对中国的启示

低碳城市是未来城市发展的新模式,对于解决气候变化问题具有重要意义.本文认为,政府在建设发展低碳城市的过程中扮演着监管者、提供者和促进者的角色.本文分析了外国政府在低碳制度设计上的成功经验,以期对中国发展低碳城市提供借鉴和新的思路.