如何处理储蓄遗产？

在中国老百姓的意识里,把钱存入银行,到期后收取利息,是一种最为便捷、最小风险的投资理财方式。尽管如今的中国投资市场品种繁多,但是谨小慎微的老百姓始终是把储蓄视作保值、增值财富的安全投资首选。然而,这些把钱存入银行的老百姓或许没有想过,有朝一日存入银行的钱,可能会在商业银行帐上永久保留,但无法支取。甚至当该储蓄变成遗产时,该遗产继承人将会碰到许多障碍或无法取得该笔储蓄遗产。本文将通过介绍我国现有存提款制度、人民银行及各商业银行在执行储蓄遗产的惯例,分析实践做法的原因和困难,就如何解决储蓄遗产提出个人的想法。     

储蓄遗产处理实践中的法律问题

由于在储蓄遗产处理实践中会出现无法支取存款情况,尤其是在发生特殊事件例如地震等自然灾害、储蓄人突然死亡的情形下,遗产继承人会因无法了解储蓄遗产具体情况而无法支取该遗产。因此亟需修改我国现有储蓄遗产支取制度,解决储蓄遗产处理实践中存在的法律问题。     

信贷增长如何影响中国的收入和财富不平等

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据考察了信贷增长对中国家庭收入和财富不平等的影响。整体而言,信贷增长可以缩小家庭收入不平等,主要作用机制是信贷增长通过提高中低收入群体的劳动收入和单位时薪以缩小劳动收入不平等。同时,文献中所发现的信贷增长可能恶化收入不平等的机制——扩大家庭间非货币金融资产差距,在我国表现并不明显,原因在于中国家庭的非货币金融资产比例较低,这一点对于高收入家庭也不例外,且大部分家庭难以从金融资产交易中获利。信贷增长带来了各个收入组的房屋价值上涨,但高收入家庭房产价值上涨的幅度高于中低收入家庭,因此房价上涨扩大了不同收入家庭所持有的房产价值差异。考虑到家庭调查数据往往对高收入家庭的收入和财产覆盖不完整,上述结论可能低估了信贷增长对极少数高收入家庭收入和资产的影响。本文有助于更好地理解我国信贷增长对收入分配问题的影响,为相关政策制定提供了一定启示。     

金融发展影响收入不平等的双重机制分析——来自中国的证据

学术界普遍认为金融发展能促进经济增长,但对金融发展能否减少收入不平等却存在分歧.本文使用1978-2010年省际面板数据,采用动态模型系统GMM分析方法发现:金融发展减少收入不平等最大的作用来自间接机制,即通过劳动力市场增加就业和工资;金融发展的直接机制主要体现在深化效应上,金融服务的质量和范围的提升主要有利于富人;间接机制减少收入不平等的作用大于直接机制扩大收入不平等的作用.     

金融发展影响收入不平等的双重机制分析——来自中国的证据北大核心CSSCI

学术界普遍认为金融发展能促进经济增长,但对金融发展能否减少收入不平等却存在分歧。本文使用1978-2010年省际面板数据,采用动态模型系统GMM分析方法发现:金融发展减少收入不平等最大的作用来自间接机制,即通过劳动力市场增加就业和工资;金融发展的直接机制主要体现在深化效应上,金融服务的质量和范围的提升主要有利于富人;间接机制减少收入不平等的作用大于直接机制扩大收入不平等的作用。     

社会信任、银行信贷与收入不平等

收入不平等是中国当前阶段面临的重要现实问题,本文引入社会信任视角,使用中国家庭追踪调查数据,采用多种回归方法,多维度研究了社会信任对中国收入不平等的影响,识别了社会信任影响收入不平等的方向和强度,并对社会信任影响收入不平等的内在机制展开了进一步研究。研究发现,社会信任显著扩大了低收入群体的收入水平,进而缩小了居民间收入差距。此外,社会信任可以通过银行信贷这一“桥梁”渠道缓解收入不平等。本文扩展了社会资本理论研究范畴,并为解释居民收入差距找到了新的理论和经验证据。     

纵向不平等的测度及应用:文献综述

个人收入的纵向不平等一直是研究者十分关心的问题。一直以来,有大量文献讨论过这个问题,从指标的测算到实际应用。近年来,发达国家由于养老金制度改革,养老金给老年人带来的不平等问题引起了研究者的广泛关注,出现了丰富的文献。本文对这些文献做了简单的梳理,以期找出可以借鉴和改进的地方。     

低利率加剧了收入不平等吗？——基于需求波动和资本积累传导机制的检验

基于跨国数据,采用多步多重中介模型检验利率通过两类长期机制（需求波动和资本积累）对基尼系数的影响。研究发现,低利率的直接效应表现为缓解收入不平等;低利率也可以通过资本积累渠道间接起到降低收入不平等的作用,且加大教育投资强度会放大该间接效应。分OECD国家和非OECD国家模型的实证结果显示,随着经济发展水平提高,财政转移支付降低收入不平等的作用衰微,教育投入缓解收入不平等的作用将增强,为低利率政策提供了有利环境。     

金融摩擦、收入风险与财富不平等

本文通过构建带有职业选择的两部门异质模型,探讨了个体面临的金融摩擦和收入风险对财富分配的作用机制。结果发现,经济中存在的金融摩擦会通过职业选择、自我保险和自融资来影响个人的财富积累,从而导致财富的集中和不平等。对模型模拟的结果表明:降低金融摩擦在总体上会降低财富不平等程度,但对不同财富阶层的影响不同,其在大幅减少前1%和前10%阶层财富份额的同时,虽然也会在一定程度上提升后50%阶层的财富份额,但提升幅度并不大,过高或过低的企业家收入风险,都会加大财富不平等程度,因而存在一个使经济中财富不平等程度最低的适度企业家收入风险水平;虽然金融摩擦和收入风险都会影响经济中的财富不平等,但收入风险本身对财富不平等程度的影响较小,其主要是通过金融摩擦放大了经济中财富不平等的程度。     

The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation in Italy

We examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections.     

Inequality Constraints in the Fractionally Integrated GARCH Model

In this article we derive necessary and sufficient conditionsfor the nonnegativity of the conditional variance in the fractionallyintegrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic(p, d, q) (FIGARCH) model of the order p 2 and sufficient conditionsfor the general model. These conditions can be seen as beinganalogous to those derived by Nelson and Cao (1992, Journalof Business & Economic Statistics 10, 229–235) forthe GARCH(p, q) model. However, the inequality constraints whichwe derive for the FIGARCH model illustrate two remarkable propertiesof the FIGARCH model which are in contrast to the GARCH model:(i) even if all parameters are nonnegative, the conditionalvariance can become negative and (ii) even if all parametersare negative (apart from d), the conditional variance can benonnegative almost surely. In particular, the conditions forthe (1, d, 1) model substantially enlarge the sufficient parameterset provided by Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996, Journal of Econometrics73, 151–184). The importance of the result is illustratedin an empirical application of the FIGARCH(1, d, 1) model toJapanese yen versus U.S. dollar exchange rate data.     

Consumption and Wage Inequality in the US: The Dynamics of the Last Three Decades

In this paper, we look at the evolution of consumption and wage inequality from 1980 to 2016 in the US. We use data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) to look at differences in consumption and wages across groups in the population defined by educational attainment of the household head and year-of-birth cohort. We show that the results obtained by Attanasio and Davis (1996) for non-durable consumption still hold in more recent decades. In addition to non-durable consumption and services, we look at inequality measured in terms of expenditure on and stock of vehicles. The advantages of looking at these measures are that information on cars is typically measured more accurately than other components of expenditure and consumers are more likely to react by adjusting their stock of vehicles on the basis of long-term expectations about their economic prospects.     

Taxation and Income Distribution Dynamics in a Neoclassical Growth Model

We examine how changes in tax policies affect the dynamics of the distributions of wealth and income in a Ramsey model in which agents differ in their initial capital endowments. The endogeneity of the labor supply plays a crucial role, as tax changes that affect hours of work will affect the distribution of wealth and income, reinforcing or offsetting the direct redistributive impact of taxes. We consider different ways of financing government expenditure and find that policies that reduce the labor supply are associated with lower output but also with a more equal distribution of after‐tax income. We illustrate these effects by examining the impact of recent tax changes observed in the United States and in European economies.     

The Effect of Inflation on Wage Inequality: A North–South Monetary Model of Endogenous Growth with International Trade

This study analyzes the effects of inflation on intra- and intercounty wage inequality, specialization, and growth, using a North–South endogenous growth model with international trade and money. The relationship between inflation and intracountry wage inequality depends on firms' credit constraints and on the inflation levels. Our results indicate that inflation decreases specialization in skilled production and increases intracountry wage inequality. Moreover, increasing inflation in the South increases the wage inequality gap between countries. Theoretical results are confirmed through calibration and match with existing empirical evidence.     

Monetary Pressures and Inflation Dynamics in Turkey: Evidence from P-Star Model

This paper uses the P-star model to explain inflation dynamics in Turkey. In P-star models, money determines the price gap, which is postulated to measure the pressure on prices in an economy. This pressure emerges when output is above the potential, the interest rate is lower than the natural rate, or there is pure excess money in the economy. The estimation results with the Turkish data show that the price gap contains considerable information for explaining inflation dynamics. Moreover, the model selection criterion that compares the empirical performance of the P-star model with the new classical Phillips curve relation favors the P-star model over the Phillips curve relationship. We conclude that money is efficacious in predicting risk in price stability in Turkey.     

The Effect of the Recent Inheritance Tax Reform on Bequest Behaviour in Japan

This paper examines the behavioural response of households to wealth transfer taxation using household survey data from Japan, with particular attention being paid to the implications of different bequest motives that households may have. The data reveal that relatively few households plan to reallocate the newly taxable amount of wealth to their own consumption or inter vivos transfers in response to the recent lowering of the basic deduction of the inheritance tax. Our analysis shows that this partly reflects the fact that a relatively large share of households have no or a weak bequest motive in Japan. However, our estimation results also suggest that parents with an altruistic bequest motive are more likely to avoid an increase in their children's tax bill by reallocating the newly taxable amount of wealth to inter vivos transfers than those with no or a weak bequest motive. By contrast, parents with an exchange bequest motive are more likely to respond to the tax reform by reallocating the newly taxable amount of wealth to their own consumption, though they seem to exhibit a similar response to those with an altruistic bequest motive in some cases.     

企业年金缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的政策仿真研究——工资异质性的视角

引入工资差异对企业职工企业年金缴费意愿的影响,采用仿真方法测量企业年金对企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的影响。首先,根据我国养老制度安排,构建了企业年金基金、基本养老金、退休金预测模型和养老金差距测量指标;其次,选取工资水平从社平工资的0．5倍～5．0倍的14类代表性职工,模拟了基准情境和提高企业年金税收优惠的四种情境——提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限、降低雇主缴费计入个人账户部分的个人所得税税率、降低领取阶段的个人所得税税率、免征个人缴费的个人所得税,并进行了敏感性分析。仿真结果表明,企业年金及其税收优惠政策能够有效缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距,提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限的作用最显著。企业年金投资收益率提高、企业年金管理费率降低、余寿减少、社平工资增长率提高和工作年限增加都会放大这种作用,反之亦然。工资越高企业职工从企业年金中获益越大,可能扩大企业职工内部养老金差距。     

Inflation and Welfare in Long‐Run Equilibrium with Firm Dynamics

We analyze the welfare cost of inflation in a model with a cash‐in‐advance constraint and an endogenous distribution of establishments' productivities. Inflation distorts aggregate productivity through firm entry dynamics. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy and the long‐run equilibrium properties are compared at low and high inflation. When the period over which the cash‐in‐advance constraint is binding is one quarter, an annual inflation rate of 10% leads to a decrease in average productivity of roughly 0.5% compared to the optimum. This decrease is not innocuous: it leads to a doubling of the welfare cost of inflation.